Adenylate cyclase

Adenylate Cyclase

Adenylate cyclase (pronounced: ad-uh-nil-it sahy-kleys) is an important enzyme in the cell that is involved in the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and pyrophosphate.

Etymology

The term "adenylate cyclase" is derived from the root words "adenylate", which refers to the adenine nucleotide, and "cyclase", which denotes an enzyme that forms a cycle.

Function

Adenylate cyclase plays a crucial role in the cell signaling process. It is activated by the G protein-coupled receptors and is involved in the transmission of signals from hormones and neurotransmitters. The cAMP produced by adenylate cyclase acts as a second messenger and is involved in a variety of cellular processes including gene transcription, cell growth, and apoptosis.

Types

There are ten known isoforms of adenylate cyclase in mammals, each with distinct properties and tissue distribution. These include AC1, AC2, AC3, AC4, AC5, AC6, AC7, AC8, AC9, and AC10.

Clinical Significance

Alterations in the activity of adenylate cyclase can lead to a variety of diseases. For instance, overactivity of adenylate cyclase can lead to hyperthyroidism, while underactivity can result in hypothyroidism. Mutations in the genes encoding adenylate cyclase isoforms have been associated with various disorders, including congenital heart disease, neuropsychiatric disorders, and cancer.

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Adenylate cyclase