Complement cascade

Complement Cascade

The Complement Cascade (pronunciation: /ˈkɒmplɪmənt ˈkæskeɪd/) is a complex series of protein interactions that play a crucial role in the immune response and inflammation. The term originates from the Latin word 'complementum', meaning 'something that completes', and 'cascade', a term used to describe a process that occurs in a sequential manner.

Overview

The Complement Cascade is part of the innate immune system, which is the body's first line of defense against pathogens. It consists of over 30 proteins that are produced in the liver and circulate in the blood in an inactive form. These proteins interact in a highly regulated sequence of events known as the Complement Cascade.

Activation

The Complement Cascade can be activated through three pathways: the classical pathway, the alternative pathway, and the lectin pathway. Each pathway is initiated by different stimuli, but all lead to the formation of a Membrane Attack Complex (MAC) that can lyse bacteria and other cells.

Functions

The main functions of the Complement Cascade include opsonization, which enhances phagocytosis; chemotaxis, which attracts leukocytes to the site of infection; and cell lysis, which directly kills pathogens.

Clinical Significance

Deficiencies or overactivation of the Complement Cascade can lead to various diseases, including autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases, and certain types of cancer.

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Complement cascade