Cryoglobulins
Cryoglobulins
Cryoglobulins (/kraɪoʊˈɡlɒbjʊlɪnz/) are abnormal proteins that by definition precipitate in the cold. The term "cryoglobulin" comes from the Greek words "kryos" meaning cold, and "globulin" meaning a type of protein.
Types
There are three types of cryoglobulins:
- Type I Cryoglobulinemia: This is a monoclonal cryoglobulinemia, often associated with lymphoproliferative disorders such as multiple myeloma and Waldenström's macroglobulinemia.
- Type II Cryoglobulinemia: This is a mixed cryoglobulinemia, consisting of a monoclonal component acting as an autoantibody against polyclonal IgG.
- Type III Cryoglobulinemia: This is also a mixed cryoglobulinemia, but it consists of polyclonal IgM and IgG.
Clinical Significance
Cryoglobulins can cause a variety of clinical syndromes, collectively referred to as Cryoglobulinemia. These can range from mild symptoms such as purpura, urticaria, and arthralgia, to severe manifestations such as glomerulonephritis, peripheral neuropathy, and vasculitis.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of cryoglobulinemia is made by detecting cryoglobulins in the serum. This is done by drawing blood, allowing it to clot at 37°C, and then cooling the serum to 4°C for up to seven days. If cryoglobulins are present, a gel-like clot will form.
Treatment
Treatment of cryoglobulinemia depends on the underlying cause. In cases where cryoglobulinemia is associated with hepatitis C, antiviral therapy is the first line of treatment. In cases associated with autoimmune diseases, immunosuppressive therapy may be used.
External links
- Medical encyclopedia article on Cryoglobulins
- Wikipedia's article - Cryoglobulins
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