Focal dystonia
Focal Dystonia
Focal dystonia (pronounced: foh-kal dis-toh-nee-uh) is a neurological condition that affects a muscle or group of muscles in a specific part of the body causing involuntary muscular contractions and abnormal postures.
Etymology
The term "Focal dystonia" is derived from the Greek words "dys" meaning "bad" and "tonos" meaning "tension". The prefix "focal" refers to the condition being localized to a specific area.
Symptoms
Symptoms of focal dystonia can vary depending on the area of the body affected. Common symptoms include sustained muscle contractions, repetitive movements, and tremors. The onset of focal dystonia is often gradual and can be exacerbated by specific actions or tasks.
Types
There are several types of focal dystonia that are classified based on the region of the body they affect. These include:
- Cervical dystonia: This type of dystonia causes the neck muscles to contract involuntarily, leading to abnormal movements and postures of the neck and head.
- Blepharospasm: This is a type of dystonia that causes the eyelid muscles to contract involuntarily, leading to uncontrollable blinking or eyelid closure.
- Spasmodic dysphonia: This type of dystonia affects the muscles of the larynx, causing voice disturbances.
- Writer's cramp: This is a type of dystonia that affects the muscles of the hand and forearm, causing cramping and discomfort.
Causes
The exact cause of focal dystonia is unknown, but it is thought to be related to a problem in the basal ganglia, a part of the brain that is involved in controlling movement. Certain genetic factors may also play a role in the development of the condition.
Treatment
Treatment for focal dystonia typically involves a combination of medications, physical therapy, and in some cases, surgery. Medications such as botulinum toxin injections can help to reduce muscle contractions. Physical therapy can help to improve muscle control and reduce discomfort. In severe cases, surgery may be considered to interrupt the nerve signals causing the muscle contractions.
External links
- Medical encyclopedia article on Focal dystonia
- Wikipedia's article - Focal dystonia
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