Genotyping
Genotyping
Genotyping (/ˈdʒɛnoʊˌtaɪpɪŋ/) is a process used in genetics to determine differences in the genetic makeup or genotype of an individual by examining the individual's DNA sequence using biological assays and comparing it to another individual's sequence or a reference sequence.
Etymology
The term "genotyping" is derived from the word "genotype," which itself comes from the Greek words "genos" meaning "race, kind" and "typos" meaning "mark, type." It was first used in the early 20th century to describe the genetic constitution of an individual.
Process
Genotyping involves the use of various techniques, including PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction), DNA sequencing, and gene chips. The process begins with the extraction of DNA from the sample, which is then amplified and analyzed to identify specific regions of the DNA that vary between individuals. These variations, known as genetic markers, can be used to study the relationship between an individual's genotype and their phenotype, or physical traits.
Applications
Genotyping has a wide range of applications in medical research, forensic science, pharmacogenomics, and genetic genealogy. It can be used to identify genetic diseases, determine paternity, predict an individual's response to certain drugs, and trace human migration patterns.
Related Terms
- Genotype: The genetic constitution of an individual organism.
- Phenotype: The set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.
- Genetic marker: A gene or DNA sequence with a known location on a chromosome that can be used to identify individuals or species.
- DNA sequencing: The process of determining the precise order of nucleotides within a DNA molecule.
- PCR: A method widely used to rapidly make millions to billions of copies of a specific DNA sample.
External links
- Medical encyclopedia article on Genotyping
- Wikipedia's article - Genotyping
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