Kidney stones
Kidney stones
Kidney stones, also known as nephrolithiasis (pronounced: nef-roh-li-THIE-uh-sis), are hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form inside your kidneys.
Etymology
The term "nephrolithiasis" is derived from the Greek words "nephros" (kidney) and "lithos" (stone).
Definition
Kidney stones are formed when the urine becomes concentrated, allowing minerals to crystallize and stick together. They can affect any part of your urinary tract, from your kidneys to your bladder.
Types of Kidney Stones
There are four main types of kidney stones:
- Calcium stones: These are the most common type of kidney stones, usually in the form of calcium oxalate.
- Struvite stones: These form in response to an infection, such as a urinary tract infection.
- Uric acid stones: These can form in people who don't drink enough fluids or who lose too much fluid, those who eat a high-protein diet, and those who have gout.
- Cystine stones: These form in people with a hereditary disorder that causes the kidneys to excrete too much of certain amino acids (cystinuria).
Symptoms
Symptoms of kidney stones can include severe pain in the side and back, below the ribs, pain that radiates to the lower abdomen and groin, pain during urination, pink, red or brown urine, and persistent need to urinate, among others.
Treatment
Treatment for kidney stones varies, depending on the type of stone and the cause. Small stones with minimal symptoms can be treated with hydration and pain relievers. Larger stones may require more extensive treatment such as lithotripsy, ureteroscopy, or surgical procedures.
Prevention
Prevention of kidney stones may include a combination of lifestyle changes and medications. A high fluid intake can reduce the risk of kidney stones. Dietary changes may also be beneficial, such as reducing sodium and animal protein intake.
External links
- Medical encyclopedia article on Kidney stones
- Wikipedia's article - Kidney stones
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