Light-independent reaction

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Light-independent reaction

The Light-independent reaction (== Template:IPA ==

The Template:IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) is a system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin alphabet. It was devised by the International Phonetic Association in the late 19th century as a standardized representation of the sounds of spoken language.

Pronunciation

The pronunciation of the term "IPA" is /aɪ piː eɪ/ in English.

Etymology

The term "IPA" is an acronym for the International Phonetic Alphabet. The International Phonetic Association, founded in 1886, created the IPA to provide a single, universal system for the transcription of spoken language.

Related Terms

  • Phonetic notation: A system used to visually represent the sounds of speech. The IPA is one type of phonetic notation.
  • Phonetics: The study of the physical sounds of human speech. It is concerned with the physical properties of speech sounds (phonemes), and the processes of their physiological production, auditory reception, and neurophysiological perception.
  • Phonology: The study of the way sounds function within a particular language or languages. While phonetics concerns the physical production, acoustic transmission and perception of the sounds of speech, phonology describes the way sounds function within a particular language or languages.
  • Transcription (linguistics): The systematic representation of spoken language in written form. The source of the words transcribe and transcription, the term means "to write across" in Latin, and it's the process of converting spoken language into written form. In linguistics, this is often done using the IPA.

External links

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Languages: - East Asian 中文, 日本, 한국어, South Asian हिन्दी, Urdu, বাংলা, తెలుగు, தமிழ், ಕನ್ನಡ,
Southeast Asian Indonesian, Vietnamese, Thai, မြန်မာဘာသာ, European español, Deutsch, français, русский, português do Brasil, Italian, polski), also known as the Calvin cycle, is a process that occurs in photosynthesis in plants and algae. It is one of two photosynthetic processes—the other being the light-dependent reactions—that convert carbon dioxide and other compounds into glucose.

Etymology

The term "light-independent reaction" refers to the fact that the process does not directly depend on light, unlike the light-dependent reactions. The alternative name, "Calvin cycle", is named after Melvin Calvin, who won a Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on elucidating the pathway in the 1950s.

Process

The light-independent reactions take place in the chloroplast stroma, where they are fueled by the ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions. The main steps of the light-independent reactions, also known as the Calvin cycle, are carbon fixation, reduction reactions, and regeneration of the initial enzyme.

Related Terms

  • Photosynthesis: The process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods with the aid of chlorophyll pigments.
  • Light-dependent reactions: The first stage of photosynthesis, which convert light energy into chemical energy.
  • Chloroplast: An organelle found in plant cells and eukaryotic algae where photosynthesis occurs.
  • Stroma: The supportive tissue of an epithelial organ, tumor, gonad, etc., consisting of connective tissues and blood vessels.
  • ATP: Adenosine triphosphate, a high-energy molecule used for energy storage by organisms.
  • NADPH: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme used in anabolic reactions, such as lipid and nucleic acid synthesis, which require NADPH as a reducing agent.

External links

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