Mycotoxins
Mycotoxins
Mycotoxins (pronunciation: /ˈmaɪ.kəʊˌtɒk.sɪn/) are secondary metabolites produced by microfungi that are capable of causing disease and death in humans and other animals. The term 'mycotoxin' is derived from the Greek words 'mykes' meaning fungus and 'toxikon' meaning poison.
Etymology
The term "mycotoxin" is derived from the Greek words "mykes" meaning fungus and "toxikon" meaning poison. It was first used in the 1960s following the discovery that a substance produced by the fungus Aspergillus flavus was responsible for a disease outbreak in turkeys.
Types of Mycotoxins
There are several types of mycotoxins. Some of the most common include:
- Aflatoxins: Produced by Aspergillus species, these are some of the most potent carcinogens known.
- Ochratoxins: Produced by Aspergillus and Penicillium species, these toxins can cause kidney damage and cancer.
- Fumonisins: Produced by Fusarium species, these toxins can cause liver and kidney damage.
- Zearalenone: Produced by Fusarium species, this toxin can cause reproductive problems.
- Trichothecenes: Produced by several fungal genera, these toxins can cause a variety of health problems, including immune suppression and gastrointestinal distress.
Health Effects
Mycotoxins can cause a variety of health problems in humans and animals. These can range from acute poisoning to long-term effects such as immune deficiency and cancer. The severity of these effects can depend on a variety of factors, including the type of mycotoxin, the amount consumed, and the individual's health status.
Prevention and Control
Prevention and control of mycotoxins involve a combination of good agricultural practices, proper storage, and regular testing of food and feed. In some cases, mycotoxins can be removed or reduced through processing techniques such as cooking, fermentation, and milling.
See Also
External links
- Medical encyclopedia article on Mycotoxins
- Wikipedia's article - Mycotoxins
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