Pyramidal cell

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Pyramidal cell

Pyramidal cells, or pyramidal neurons, are a type of neuron found in areas of the brain including the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, and the amygdala. They are named for their pyramid-like shape and are known for their long axons and complex dendrites.

Pronunciation

Pyramidal cell: /pɪˈræmɪdəl sɛl/

Etymology

The term "pyramidal cell" comes from the cell's pyramid-like shape. The word "pyramidal" is derived from the Greek word "pyramis" meaning "a pyramid", and the Latin word "cella" meaning "a small room".

Function

Pyramidal cells are the primary excitation units of the mammalian prefrontal cortex and the cortical column. They are responsible for the majority of neurotransmitter release in these areas of the brain. Pyramidal cells are also involved in many different brain functions, including motor control, perception, and cognitive function.

Structure

Pyramidal cells are characterized by a pyramid-shaped soma (or cell body), with the apex pointed towards the surface of the cortex. They have a single axon and multiple dendrites, which extend from the base and sides of the soma.

Related Terms

  • Neuron: A nerve cell that is the basic building block of the nervous system.
  • Axon: A long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body.
  • Dendrite: The branched projections of a neuron that act to conduct the electrical stimulation received from other neural cells to the cell body.
  • Cerebral Cortex: The outer layer of the cerebrum, composed of folded gray matter and playing an important role in consciousness.
  • Hippocampus: A small organ located within the brain's medial temporal lobe, forming an important part of the limbic system.
  • Amygdala: A roughly almond-shaped mass of gray matter inside each cerebral hemisphere, involved with the experiencing of emotions.

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