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Regional anatomy
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Regional anatomy - the study of anatomy based on regions or divisions of the body and emphasizing the relations between various structures (muscles, bones, nerves and arteries etc. Regional anatomy goes by the regions of the body as opposed to systemic anatomy that goes by system such as gastointestinal, circulation, nervous system etc.
See Grays Anatomy
Anatomical terms
- Superior or cranial - toward the head end of the body; upper (example, the hand is part of the superior extremity).
- Inferior or caudal - away from the head; lower (example, the foot is part of the inferior extremity).
- Anterior or ventral - front (example, the kneecap is located on the anterior side of the leg).
- Posterior or dorsal - back (example, the shoulder blades are located on the posterior side of the body).
- Medial - toward the midline of the body (example, the middle toe is located at the medial side of the foot).
- Lateral - away from the midline of the body (example, the little toe is located at the lateral side of the foot).
- Proximal - toward or nearest the trunk or the point of origin of a part (example, the proximal end of the femur joins with the pelvic bone).
- Distal - away from or farthest from the trunk or the point or origin of a part (example, the hand is located at the distal end of the forearm).
- Coronal Plane (Frontal Plane) - A vertical plane running from side to side; divides the body or any of its parts into anterior and posterior portions.
- Sagittal Plane (Lateral Plane) - A vertical plane running from front to back; divides the body or any of its parts into right and left sides.
- Axial Plane (Transverse Plane) - A horizontal plane; divides the body or any of its parts into upper and lower parts.
- Median plane - Sagittal plane through the midline of the body; divides the body or any of its parts into right and left halves.
Body Cavities
The cavities, or spaces, of the body contain the internal organs, or viscera. The two main cavities are called the ventral and dorsal cavities. The ventral is the larger cavity and is subdivided into two parts (thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities) by the diaphragm, a dome-shaped respiratory muscle.
Thoracic cavity
The upper ventral, thoracic, or chest cavity contains the heart, lungs, trachea, esophagus, large blood vessels, and nerves. The thoracic cavity is bound laterally by the ribs (covered by costal pleura) and the diaphragm caudally (covered by diaphragmatic pleura).
Abdominal and pelvic cavity
The lower part of the ventral (abdominopelvic) cavity can be further divided into two portions: abdominal portion and pelvic portion. The abdominal cavity contains most of the gastrointestinal tract as well as the kidneys and adrenal glands. The abdominal cavity is bound cranially by the diaphragm, laterally by the body wall, and caudally by the pelvic cavity. The pelvic cavity contains most of the urogenital system as well as the rectum. The pelvic cavity is bounded cranially by the abdominal cavity, dorsally by the sacrum, and laterally by the pelvis.
Dorsal cavity
The smaller of the two main cavities is called the dorsal cavity. As its name implies, it contains organs lying more posterior in the body. The dorsal cavity, again, can be divided into two portions. The upper portion, or the cranial cavity, houses the brain, and the lower portion, or vertebral canal houses the spinal cord.
Anatomy of the human body
- The human body is a single structure but it is made up of billions of smaller structures of four major kinds: cells, tissues, organs, and systems.
- An organ is an organization of several different kinds of tissues so arranged that together they can perform a special function.
- A system is an organization of varying numbers and kinds of organs so arranged that together they can perform complex functions for the body.
- Ten major systems include the skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and the reproductive system.
- Body functions are the physiological or psychological functions of body systems. Survival of the body depends on the body's maintaining or restoring homeostasis, a state of relative constancy, of its internal environment.
- Human life process includes organization, metabolism, responsiveness, movements, reproduction, growth, differentiation, respiration, digestion, and excretion. All these processes work together, in fine-tuned balance, for the well-being of the individual and to maintain life.
- Life depends on certain physical factors from the environment, which include water, oxygen, nutrients, heat, and pressure.
See Grays Anatomy
Gray's Anatomy
- Gray's Anatomy Contents
- Gray's Anatomy Subject Index
- About Classic Gray's Anatomy
- Note to Contributors of Gray's Anatomy
- Glossary of anatomy terms
Anatomy atlases (external)
[1] - Anatomy Atlases
External links
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