Comfort food



Comfort food is traditionally eaten food (which often provides a nostalgic or sentimental feeling to the person eating it), or simply provides the consumer a familiar meal, soft in consistency, and rich in calories, nutrients, or both. The nostalgic element most comfort food has, may be specific to either the individual or a specific culture. Many comfort foods are flavorful; some may also be easily prepared.

Psychological studies
Comfort foods may be consumed to positively pique emotions, to relieve negative psychological effects or to increase positive feelings. The term was first used, according to Webster's Dictionary, in 1977.

One study divided college-students' comfort-food identifications into four categories (nostalgic foods, indulgence foods, convenience foods, and physical comfort foods) with a special emphasis on the deliberate selection of particular foods to modify mood or effect, and indications that the medical-therapeutic use of particular foods may ultimately be a matter of mood-alteration.

The identification of particular items as comfort food may be idiosyncratic, though patterns are detectable. In one study of American preferences, "males preferred warm, hearty, meal-related comfort foods (such as steak, casseroles, and soup), while females instead preferred comfort foods that were more snack related (such as chocolate and ice cream). In addition, younger people preferred more snack-related comfort foods compared to those over 55 years of age." The study also revealed strong connections between consumption of comfort foods and feelings of guilt.

Comfort food consumption has been seen as a response to emotional stress and, consequently, as a key contributor to the epidemic of obesity in the United States. The provocation of specific hormonal responses leading selectively to increases in abdominal fat is seen as a form of self-medication.

Further studies suggest that consumption of comfort food is triggered in men by positive emotions, and by negative ones in women. The stress effect is particularly pronounced among college-aged women, with only 33% reporting healthy eating choices during times of emotional stress. For women specifically, these psychological patterns may be maladaptive.

A therapeutic use of these findings includes offering comfort foods or "happy hour" beverages to anorectic geriatric patients whose health and quality of life otherwise decreases with reduced oral intake.

Australia and New Zealand
Australian comfort foods include the following foods:


 * Apple pie
 * Baked rice custard
 * Bread and butter pudding
 * Braised lamb shanks
 * Brown sugar, yogurt, honey, and banana porridge
 * Busted flan
 * Butterscotch apple dumplings
 * Casserole (beef or chicken)
 * Chicken soup
 * Chocolate chip cookies
 * Dropped pie
 * Golden syrup pikelets
 * Honey and oat slices
 * Hungarian lamb goulash
 * Lamb and vegetable soup or Irish stew
 * Lamingtons
 * Mashed potatoes
 * Meat pie
 * Pavlova
 * Pea and ham soup
 * Pie floater
 * Pumpkin soup
 * Roast meat (beef, chicken, or pork with crackling)
 * Roast potatoes
 * Sausage and mash
 * Shepherd's pie
 * Smashed pie
 * Smashed crab
 * Spaghetti and meatballs
 * Steak and kidney pie
 * Sticky date pudding
 * Sweet potato soup

Britain
British comfort foods include the following foods:


 * Cottage or Shepherd's pie
 * Custard
 * Fish and chips
 * Full English breakfast
 * Bangers and mash
 * Cauliflower cheese
 * Cornish pasty
 * Crumble
 * Apple crumble
 * Blueberry crumble
 * Rhubarb crumble
 * Lancashire hotpot
 * Mushy peas
 * Potatoes
 * Chips
 * Crisps
 * Jacket potato
 * Mashed potatoes
 * Puddings
 * Bread and butter pudding
 * Jam Roly-Poly
 * Rice pudding
 * Spotted dick
 * Sticky toffee pudding
 * Treacle pudding
 * Yorkshire pudding
 * Roast meat
 * Roast beef
 * Roast chicken
 * Pies
 * Fish pie
 * Pork pie
 * Steak and kidney pie
 * Scotch egg
 * Stottie cake
 * Soups and stews
 * Beef stew with dumplings
 * Cawl (Wales)
 * Cock-a-leekie soup (Scotland)
 * Irish stew
 * Potato, leek, and Stilton soup
 * Toast
 * Baked beans on toast
 * Cheese on toast
 * Toad in the hole

Indonesia
Some popular Indonesian foods are considered to be comfort food, usually served hot or warm, and soupy or with a soft texture. Some Indonesian comfort foods are traditional Indonesian food and some are derived from Chinese influences. For some Indonesians, especially those who are abroad, comfort food might also be a certain brand or type of Indonesian instant noodle, such as Indomie Mi goreng. Indonesian comfort foods include:


 * Bakmi or Mie Ayam
 * Bakso
 * Indomie Mi goreng
 * Nasi goreng
 * Soto ayam (chicken soto)

Philippines

 * Adobo
 * Arroz Caldo
 * Batchoy
 * Binignit
 * Champorado with tuyô
 * Chicken Sopas
 * Halo-halo
 * Kare-kare
 * Lomi
 * Pancit
 * Puto
 * Sinigang
 * Suman

Poland
Polish comfort food include the following foods:
 * Pierogi


 * Barszcz z uszkami (clear beetroot soup with forest mushrooms tortellini)
 * Boczek (Smoked pork belly)
 * Bigos
 * Budyn waniliowy z malinami
 * Kotlet schabowy
 * Flaki
 * Golonka
 * Gulasz
 * Grzybowa (Mushroom soup)
 * Jagody ze smietana
 * Kapusniak (sauerkraut soup)
 * Kopytka
 * Łazanki
 * Makaron ze smietana i truskawkami
 * Mielone z ziemniakami i mizeria (pork meatballs, mashed potato, fresh cucumbers with sour cream)
 * Nalesniki z twarozkiem
 * Ogorkowa
 * Placki ziemniaczane
 * Rolady z kluskami i modra kapusta
 * Rosol (Chicken soup with fine noodles)
 * Sernik
 * Sledz w oleju (Pickled herring)
 * Zupa pomidorowa with rice or noodles
 * Szczawiowa served with boiled egg
 * Zurek

Russia and Ukraine


Russian and Ukrainian comfort foods include the following foods:


 * Bliny
 * Borscht
 * Caviar
 * Dressed herring
 * Kotlety (meatballs)
 * Kasha
 * Kholodets
 * Kvas
 * Napoleon
 * Okroshka
 * Olivier salad
 * Ponchiki / Pampushky
 * Pelmeni
 * Pirozhki
 * Rassolnik
 * Shashlik
 * Shchi
 * Solyanka
 * Syrniki
 * Ukha
 * Vareniki

United States and Canada


North American comfort foods include baked beans, apple pie, clam chowder, chicken noodle soup, casseroles, and other warm, inviting, and familiar foods.

Following a reader's opinion poll by About.com, the following foods were listed as the most common comfort foods by American respondents:


 * Apple pie
 * Baked beans
 * Banana pudding
 * Beef stew
 * Brisket pot roast
 * Chicken and dumplings
 * Chicken pot pie
 * Chicken soup
 * Chili con carne
 * Chocolate chip cookies
 * Crispito
 * Corn on the cob
 * Fried chicken
 * Gelatin dessert
 * Green bean casserole
 * Grilled cheese sandwich (runner-up)
 * Hamburgers (runner-up)
 * Hot dogs
 * Ice cream
 * Macaroni and cheese
 * Mashed potatoes
 * Meatloaf
 * Peanut butter and jelly sandwich (winner)
 * Potato salad
 * Pumpkin pie
 * Shepherd's pie
 * Spaghetti
 * Tomato soup
 * Tuna casserole

Other comfort foods, as reported by CNN, include:


 * Asado
 * Banana split
 * Barbecue ribs
 * Biscuits and gravy
 * BLT
 * Blueberry cobbler
 * Buffalo wings
 * California roll
 * Cheeseburger
 * Chicago-style pizza
 * Chicken fried steak
 * Cioppino
 * Cobb salad
 * Cornbread
 * Delmonico steak
 * Fajitas
 * Fortune cookies
 * Fried chicken and waffles
 * Frito pie
 * Green chili stew (New Mexico)
 * Grits
 * Indian frybread
 * Jambalaya
 * Jerky
 * Key lime pie
 * Lobster rolls
 * Maryland crab cakes
 * Nachos
 * New England clam chowder
 * New Mexican flat enchiladas
 * Peanut butter sandwich
 * Philly cheese steak
 * Po' boy
 * Popcorn
 * Pot roast
 * Potato chips
 * Reuben sandwich
 * San Francisco sourdough bread
 * S'mores
 * Smithfield ham
 * Tater tots
 * Thanksgiving dinner
 * Trail mix
 * Twinkies
 * Wild Alaska salmon

One recent development, as chefs have explored the roots of American cuisine and tried to define it as a unique style, is the advent of fine dining comfort food restaurants that feature more careful cooking and presentation, higher quality, and fresh organic ingredients, along with consequently higher prices.