Good manufacturing practice

Good manufacturing practices (GMP) refer to guidelines laid down by agencies which control authorization and licensing for manufacture and sale of food, drug products, and active pharmaceutical products. These guidelines are laid down with the intention of providing minimum requirements that a pharmaceutical or a food product manufacturer must meet while manufacturing drugs or  food products ,which then assures that the products manufactured/produced are of high quality and do not pose any risk to the consumer or public. Good manufacturing practice guidelines provides guidance for manufacturing, testing, and quality assurance in order to ensure that drug product is safe for human consumption. Many countries have legislated that pharmaceutical and medical device manufacturer must follow GMP procedures, and have created their own GMP guidelines that correspond with their legislation. Basic concepts of all of these guidelines remain more or less similar to the ultimate goals of safeguarding the health of patient as well as producing good quality medicine, medical devices or active pharmaceutical products. In the U.S.A a drug may be deemed adulterated even though it has passed all of the specifications tests and it is found to be manufactured in a facility or condition which violates or do not comply with current good manufacturing guideline. Therefore complying with GMP is a mandatory aspect in pharmaceutical manufacturing.

Although there are a number of them, all guidelines follow a few basic principles:


 * Hygiene: Pharmaceutical manufacturing facility must maintain a clean and hygienic manufacturing area.
 * Controlled environmental conditions in order to prevent cross contamination of drug product from other drug or extraneous particulate matter which may render the drug product unsafe for human consumption.
 * Manufacturing processes are clearly defined and controlled. All critical processes are validated to ensure consistency and compliance with specifications.
 * Manufacturing processes are controlled, and any changes to the process are evaluated. Changes that have an impact on the quality of the drug are validated as necessary.
 * Instructions and procedures are written in clear and unambiguous language. (Good Documentation Practices)
 * Operators are trained to carry out and document procedures.
 * Records are made, manually or by instruments, during manufacture that demonstrate that all the steps required by the defined procedures and instructions were in fact taken and that the quantity and quality of the drug was as expected. Deviations are investigated and documented.
 * Records of manufacture (including distribution) that enable the complete history of a batch to be traced are retained in a comprehensible and accessible form.
 * The distribution of the drugs minimizes any risk to their quality.
 * A system is available for recalling any batch of drug from sale or supply.
 * Complaints about marketed drugs are examined, the causes of quality defects are investigated, and appropriate measures are taken with respect to the defective drugs and to prevent recurrence.

GMP guidelines are not prescriptive instructions on how to manufacture products. They are a series of general principles that must be observed during manufacturing. When a company is setting up its quality program and manufacturing process, there may be many ways it can fulfill GMP requirements. It is the company's responsibility to determine the most effective and efficient quality process.

Guideline versions
GMPs are enforced in the United States by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), under Section 501(B) of the 1938 Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 USCS § 351). The regulations use the phrase "current good manufacturing practices" (cGMP) to describe these guidelines. Courts may theoretically hold that a drug product is adulterated even if there is no specific regulatory requirement that was violated as long as the process was not performed according to industry standards. Since June 2010, a different set of cGMP requirements have applied to all manufacturers of dietary supplements.

The World Health Organization (WHO) version of GMP is used by pharmaceutical regulators and the pharmaceutical industry in over one hundred countries worldwide, primarily in the developing world. The European Union's GMP (EU-GMP) enforces similar requirements to WHO GMP, as does the FDA's version in the US. Similar GMPs are used in other countries, with Australia, Canada, Japan, Singapore, Philippines and others having highly developed/sophisticated GMP requirements. In the United Kingdom, the Medicines Act (1968) covers most aspects of GMP in what is commonly referred to as "The Orange Guide", which is named so because of the color of its cover; it is officially known as Rules and Guidance for Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and Distributors.

Since the 1999 publication of GMPs for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, by the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH), GMPs now apply in those countries and trade groupings that are signatories to ICH (the EU, Japan and the U.S.), and applies in other countries (e.g., Australia, Canada, Singapore) which adopt ICH guidelines for the manufacture and testing of active raw materials.

Enforcement
Within the European Union, GMP inspections are performed by National Regulatory Agencies (e.g., GMP inspections are performed in the United Kingdom by the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA)); in the Republic of Korea (South Korea) by the Korea Food & Drug Administration (KFDA); in Australia by the Therapeutical Goods Administration (TGA); in Bangladesh by the Drug Administration (DGDA); in South Africa by the Medicines Control Council (MCC); in Brazil by the Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (National Health Surveillance Agency Brazil) (ANVISA); in Iran, in India gmp inspections are carried out by state FDA and these FDA report to Central Drugs Standard Control Organization and Pakistan by the Ministry of Health;, Nigeria has NAFDAC and by similar national organisations worldwide. Each of the inspectorates carry out routine GMP inspections to ensure that drug products are produced safely and correctly; additionally, many countries perform pre-approval inspections (PAI) for GMP compliance prior to the approval of a new drug for marketing.

Regulatory agencies (including the FDA in the U.S. and regulatory agencies in many European nations) are authorized to conduct unannounced inspections, though some are scheduled. FDA routine domestic inspections are usually unannounced, but must be conducted according to 704(A) of the FD&C Act (21 USCS § 374), which requires that they are performed at a "reasonable time". Courts have held that any time the firm is open for business is a reasonable time for an inspection.

Other good practices
Other good-practice systems, along the same lines as GMP, exist:


 * Good laboratory practice (GLP), for laboratories conducting non-clinical studies (toxicology and pharmacology studies in animals);
 * Good clinical practice (GCP), for hospitals and clinicians conducting clinical studies on new drugs in humans;
 * Good regulatory practice (GRP), for the management of regulatory commitments, procedures and documentation.
 * Good Distribution Practice (GDP) deals with the guidelines for the proper distribution of medicinal products for human use
 * Good Transportation Practice (GTP) deals with the guidelines for the proper domestic and international transportation of medicinal products for human use

Collectively, these and other good-practice requirements are referred to as "GxP" requirements, all of which follow similar philosophies. (Other examples include good agriculture practices, good guidance practices, and good tissue practices.) In the U.S., medical device manufacturers must follow what are called "quality system regulations" which are deliberately harmonized with ISO requirements, not cGMPs.