USMLE Step1 SuperMemo KLN Physiology

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/Lecture Notes Physiology p.124-131
C: Physiology Q: What vessel is most compliant in the body A: Aorta 3: Hemodynamics 4: Lecture Notes p.124-8

C: Physiology Q: Increasing the ... will increase the ... => laminal flow A: -hematocrit//-viscosity 3: Hemodynamics 4: Lecture Notes p.124-12

C: Physiology Q: Increase in ... and an icrease in ... will promote turbulence A: -diameter//-velocity 3: Hemodynamics 4: Lecture Notes p.124-12

C: Physiology Q: The ... a vessel is from the heart vertically, the greater the change in pressure A: farther 3: Hemodynamics 4: Lecture Notes p.125-16

C: Physiology Q: The greates pressure difference between systemic ... and ... A: arteries and viens 3: Hemodynamics 4: Lecture Notes p.125-19

C: Physiology Q: Coronary Flow is directly proportionalt to the __ A: work of the heart 3: Hemodynamics 4: Lecture Notes p.128-9

C: Physiology Q: Lying on the back, or with the face upward is ... A: supine 3: Terminology 4: Lecture Notes p.130-6

C: Physiology Q: To minimize leg vein dilation during standing, you have to A: rhythmically contract the muscle to move the toes. 3: Hemodynamics 4: Lecture Notes p.131-10

/Lecture Notes Physiology p.160-173
C: Physiology Q: A_band is the region of the ... or ... filament. At resting length there will be some overlap b/w the ... and ... filaments, the A_band will elso contain some ... . A: -thick or myosin//-the myosin and actin filaments//-some actin 3: Muscle Physiology 4: Lecture Notes p.160-3

C: Physiology Q: Ca++ sequestration by the sarcoplasmic reticlulum during a twitch is derctly related to __. A: the rate of relaxation (move Ca++ back into the srcplsm reticulum, energy dependent) 3: Muscle Physiology 4: Lecture Notes p.160-4

C: Physiology Q: When skel muscle shortens there is a decrease in the width of the ..._band A: -I_band length decreases with contraction 3: Muscle Physiology 4: Lecture Notes p.160-6

C: Physiology Q: Actin without overlapped myosin is ...-band.//In contraction ... A: -I_band//-Shorten 3: Muscle Physiology 4: Lecture Notes p.160-6

C: Physiology Q: The length of the myosin filaments is ..._band.//In contraction ... A: -A_band//-Unchanged 3: Muscle Physiology 4: Lecture Notes p.160-6

C: Physiology Q: Myosin w/o overlapped actin is a ...-band.//In contraction ... A: -H_band//-Shorten 3: Muscle Physiology 4: Lecture Notes p.160-6

C: Physiology Q: AP Phase 0//... channels ..., ..crease G(Na+)//... ..flux couses ... . A: Fast channels open, Increase G(Na+)//Sodium influx couses depolarization 3: Ionic Basis of the AP 4: Lecture Notes p.169

C: Physiology Q: AP Phase 1//The slight ..polarization is due to a ... current and the ... of the ... channels A: The repolatization is due to a K+ current and the closing fo the Na+ channels 3: Ionic Basis of the AP 4: Lecture Notes p.169

C: Physiology Q: AP Phase 2//... ... channels are open, ... ..flux//... leaks out.//..._voltage are closed. A: Slow Ca++ channels are open, calcium influx.//K+ leask out//K+_voltage are closed 3: Ionic Basis of the AP 4: Lecture Notes p.170

C: Physiology Q: AP Phase 3//.._voltage channels are ... => outflow of ... A: K+_voltage channels are reopened => outflow of K+ 3: Ionic Basis of the AP 4: Lecture Notes p.170

C: Physiology Q: Ungated K+ channels ... @rest A: Ungated potassium channels OPEN@rest 3: Cardiac Membrane channels at rest 4: Lecture Notes p.167

C: Physiology Q: Voltage-Gated (-Dependent) Na+ channels ... @rest A: Sodium_voltage gated CLOSED@rest 3: Cardiac Membrane channels at rest 4: Lecture Notes p.167

C: Physiology Q: Ca++_voltage channels ... @rest A: calcium channels CLOSED@rest 3: Cardiac Membrane channels at rest 4: Lecture Notes p.168

C: Physiology Q: AP K+_voltage gated (open|closed) at rest//... when depolarizeation began. A: K+_voltage open at rest// closed in depolarization. 3: Cardiac Membrane channels at rest 4: Lecture Notes p.168

C: Physiology Q: List specialized cell of the heart. [3] A: -SinoAtrial (SA) node//-AtrioVentricular (AV) node//-Purkinje fibers 3: AP of specialized cells 4: Lecture Notes p.171

C: Physiology Q: AP of SA node//Phase.0 is mainly a ...-... channel A: AP of SA node in Phase.0 is slow-Ca++ channel 3: SA node cells 4: Lecture Notes p.171

C: Physiology Q: AP of SA node//Phase.3 is due to a ..._... (and ...) ..flux A: Phase.3 is due to a K+_voltage gated (and ungated) efflux 3: SA node cells 4: Lecture Notes p.171

C: Physiology Q: AP of SA node//Phase.4 is due to ... of ..._.../.../... A: influx Na+_slow//Ca++//K+ 3: SA node cells 4: Lecture Notes p.171

C: Physiology Q: Symp works on Phase...//..crease ... conductance =>membrane become (+|-) A: SANS works on Phase.4//decrease K+ conductance =>membrane become (+) 3: SA node cells 4: Lecture Notes p.172

C: Physiology Q: Parasymp works on Phase...//by ..crease ... conductance (... ...) =>membrane (+|-) A: PANS whorks on Phase.3,4//by increase K+ conductance (loosing K+) =>hyperpolorize membrane (-) 3: SA node cells 4: Lecture Notes p.172

C: Physiology Q: SA nodal cell//intrinsic rate=...//... pacemaker A: intr rate=100-120/min//primary pacemaker 3: Automaticity of the heart 4: Lecture Notes p.173

C: Physiology Q: AV nodal cell//intrinsic rate=...//... pacemaker A: intr rate=40-60/min//secondary pacemaker 3: Automaticity of the heart 4: Lecture Notes p.173

C: Physiology Q: Purkinje cells//intrinsic rate=...//... velocity A: intr rate=30-40//highest velocity 3: Automaticity of the heart 4: Lecture Notes p.173

/Lecture Notes Physiology p.221-228
C: Physiology Q: High Ca++ conductance, because they are ...-... gated, peack in ... phase of the AP A: they are slow-voltage gated//peack in plateau phase 3: Electrical Activity of the Heart 4: Lecture Notes p.221-4

C: Physiology Q: Force of contraction relativly insencitive to extracellular Ca++ in ... muscle A: Skeletal muscle 3: Electrical Activity of the Heart 4: Lecture Notes p.221-5

C: Physiology Q: Force of contraction relativly sencitive to extracellular Ca++ in ... muscle A: Cardiac muscle 3: Electrical Activity of the Heart 4: Lecture Notes p.221-5

C: Physiology Q: Changes associated with contractility increase A: increase//-dp/dt during isovolum contraction//-peak intaventr pressure//-rate of relaxation of the miocardium 3: Pumping Action of the Heart 4: Lecture Notes p.222-10

C: Physiology Q: Epi will increase the ... of the myocardium and heart rate. A: contractility 3: Pumping Action of the Heart 4: Lecture Notes p.222-10

C: Physiology Q: The 2nd heart sound occurs at the end of ... and is the combination of the ... of the ... and ... valves A: -systole//-closing of the aortic and pulmonic valves 3: Pumping Action of the Heart 4: Lecture Notes p.222-11

C: Physiology Q: The dicrotic notch occurs at the end of ventr systole and is produced by the close of the ... valve//Elso marks beginning of ... ventric relaxation A: -close of the aortic valve//-isovolumetric ventric relax 3: Pumping Action of the Heart 4: Lecture Notes p.223-12

C: Physiology Q: Increased volume work of the ventr means an increase in ... pumped (CO) without a sighnificant change in ...;//i.e. ..., ... A: -volume//-no change in afterload (BP)//i.e. anemia, hyperthyroididsm 3: Pumping Action of the Heart 4: Lecture Notes p.223-13

C: Physiology Q: Increaded pressure work of the ventr means a sighnificant increase in ...//i.e. __, __ A: afterload (BP)//i.e. aortic stenosis, intraatrial septal defect (R Ventr) 3: Pumping Action of the Heart 4: Lecture Notes p.223-13

C: Physiology Q: Distinct difference bw aortic stenosis and mitral regurg is __ A: Pressure gradient across the aortic valve during systole in aortic stenosis. 3: Cardiovascular Patient Cases 4: Lecture Notes p.223-1

C: Physiology Q: Lifting a heavy load causes initiation of ... maneuver (high abdominal pressure). This complress the ... and temporary ... ... A: -Valsalva maneuver//-compress the aorta => raises TPR 3: BP Regulation 4: Lecture Notes p.224-5

C: Physiology Q: The beat that follows a sudden increase in pulmonary arterial pressure have ..creased R_ventr stroke volume A: Decreased right ventr stroke volume 3: BP Regulation 4: Lecture Notes p.224-7

C: Physiology Q: PDA have ..creased L_ventr stroke volume A: Increased left ventr stroke volume 3: BP Regulation 4: Lecture Notes p.224-8

C: Physiology Q: A 30% cecrease in the total blood vol does NOT cause a reflex vasoconstriction in __[2] A: -Cerebral//-Coronary circulation 3: BP Regulation 4: Lecture Notes p.226-14.2

C: Physiology Q: Resistance to flow decreased during running even when body temprtr remains constant in __[4] A: -Coronary//-Pulmonary//-Gastrocnemius muscle//-Cutaneus circulation 3: BP Regulation 4: Lecture Notes p.226-14.4

C: Physiology Q: ... circulation contains high- and low-pressure capillaries that are in series with each other. A: Renal circulation 3: BP Regulation 4: Lecture Notes p.226-14.5

C: Physiology Q: ... veins have the highest concentration of oxygen found in the systemic circulation. A: Renal 3: BP Regulation 4: Lecture Notes p.226-14.8

C: Physiology Q: Pt. with interatrial septum defect have increased in __ A: Right atrial PO2 (shows exact location) 3: General CV Questions 4: Lecture Notes p.227-3

C: Physiology Q: If during the pateau phase of ventric muscle AP, the conductance to K+ was closer to that under resting conditions it will __ A: reduce plateau phase//(reduce rate and magnitude of depolarization) 3: General CV Questions 4: Lecture Notes p.227-4

C: Physiology Q: The sudden large pulsations are a result of the Swan-Ganz catheter entering the ... ... A: right ventricle 3: General CV Questions 4: Lecture Notes p.228-7

C: Physiology Q: Pressure-Volume loop increased in all directions for a 2mm represent ... ... A: heavy exercise 3: General CV Questions 4: Lecture Notes p.228-10