File:Xanthine dehydrogenase.svg

xanthine + NAD+ + H2O

       ⇌
     
   
   {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons }
 
urate + NADH + H+

 The SVG code is valid. This structural formula was created with Chemsketch.  This structural formula uses embedded text for its chemistry symbols.This graphic of a chemical compound or chemical reaction was sketched in a freeware version of ChemSketch , with the Carbohydr. Res. (2003) structure drawing style.Then it was copied and pasted into Inkscape, and saved as .svg.

References

Battelli MG, Lorenzoni E (1982). "Purification and properties of a new glutathione-dependent thiol:disulphide oxidoreductase from rat liver". Biochem. J. 207 (1): 133–8. PMID 6960894. PMC: 1153833. Corte ED, Stirpe F (1972). "The regulation of rat liver xanthine oxidase. Involvement of thiol groups in the conversion of the enzyme activity from dehydrogenase (type D) into oxidase (type O) and purification of the enzyme". Biochem. J. 126 (3): 739–45. PMID 4342395. PMC: 1178433. Parzen SD, Fox AS (1964). "Purification of Xanthine Dehydrogenase from Drosophila Melanogaster". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 92: 465–71. DOI:10.1016/0926-6569(64)90006-9. PMID 14264879. Rajagopalan KV, Handler P (1967). "Purification and properties of chicken liver xanthine dehydrogenase". J. Biol. Chem. 242 (18): 4097–107. PMID 4294045. Smith ST, Rajagopalan KV, Handler P (1967). "Purification and properties of xanthine dehydroganase from Micrococcus lactilyticus". J. Biol. Chem. 242 (18): 4108–17. PMID 6061702. Parschat K, Canne C, Huttermann J, Kappl R, Fetzner S (2001). "Xanthine dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas putida 86: specificity, oxidation-reduction potentials of its redox-active centers, and first EPR characterization". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1544 (1–2): 151–65. DOI:10.1016/S0167-4838(00)00214-4. PMID 11341925. N, Nishino T (1993). "Cloning of the cDNA encoding human xanthine dehydrogenase (oxidase): structural analysis of the protein and chromosomal location of the gene". Gene. 133 (2): 279–84. DOI:10.1016/0378-1119(93)90652-J. PMID 8224915. Enroth C, Eger BT, Okamoto K, Nishino T, Nishino T, Pai EF (2000). "Crystal structures of bovine milk xanthine dehydrogenase and xanthine oxidase: Structure-based mechanism of conversion". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (20): 10723–8. DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.20.10723. PMID 11005854. PMC: 27090. (1 January 2002). "Crystal structures of the active and alloxanthine-inhibited forms of xanthine dehydrogenase from Rhodobacter capsulatus". S Structure. (1): 115–25. DOI:10.1016/S0969-2126(01)00697-9. PMID 11796116. Hille R (1996). "The Mononuclear Molybdenum Enzymes". Chem. Rev. 96 (7): 2757–2816. DOI:10.1021/cr950061t. PMID 11848841. Meneshian A, Bulkley GB (2002). "The physiology of endothelial xanthine oxidase: from urate catabolism to reperfusion injury to inflammatory signal transduction". Microcirculation (New York, N.Y. : 1994) 9 (3): 161–75. DOI:10.1038/sj.mn.7800136. PMID 12080414. Xu P, Huecksteadt TP, Harrison R, Hoidal JR (1995). "Molecular cloning, tissue expression of human xanthine dehydrogenase". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 215 (1): 429. DOI:10.1006/bbrc.1995.2482. PMID 7575623. Xu P (1995). "Assignment of human xanthine dehydrogenase gene to chromosome 2p22". Genomics 23 (1): 289–91. DOI:10.1006/geno.1994.1498. PMID 7829092. Minoshima S (1994). "Mapping of the gene for human xanthine dehydrogenase (oxidase) (XDH) to band p23 of chromosome 2". Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 68 (1–2): 52–3. DOI:10.1159/000133887. PMID 7956358. Rytkönen EM (1994). "The human gene for xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) is localized on chromosome band 2q22". Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 68 (1–2): 61–3. DOI:10.1159/000133890. PMID 7956361. Xu P, Huecksteadt TP, Harrison R, Hoidal JR (1994). "Molecular cloning, tissue expression of human xanthine dehydrogenase". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 199 (2): 998–1004. DOI:10.1006/bbrc.1994.1328. PMID 8135849. Ichida K (1993). "Cloning of the cDNA encoding human xanthine dehydrogenase (oxidase): structural analysis of the protein and chromosomal location of the gene". Gene 133 (2): 279–84. DOI:10.1016/0378-1119(93)90652-J. PMID 8224915. Satoh A, Sasago S, Takahashi S, Kato N (1993). "Regulation of xanthine dehydrogenase in rat liver in response to peroxisome proliferators". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 195 (2): 751–7. DOI:10.1006/bbrc.1993.2109. PMID 8373410. Xu P, Huecksteadt TP, Hoidal JR (1997). "Molecular cloning and characterization of the human xanthine dehydrogenase gene (XDH)". Genomics 34 (2): 173–80. DOI:10.1006/geno.1996.0262. PMID 8661045. Saksela M, Raivio KO (1996). "Cloning and expression in vitro of human xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase". Biochem. J. 315 (Pt 1): 235–9. PMID 8670112. PMC: 1217176. Many A, Westerhausen-Larson A, Kanbour-Shakir A, Roberts JM (1996). "Xanthine oxidase/dehydrogenase is present in human placenta". Placenta 17 (5–6): 361–5. DOI:10.1016/S0143-4004(96)90061-2. PMID 8829220. Hellsten Y (1997). "Xanthine oxidase in human skeletal muscle following eccentric exercise: a role in inflammation". J. Physiol. (Lond.) 498 (Pt 1): 239–48. PMID 9023782. PMC: 1159248. Ichida K (1997). "Identification of two mutations in human xanthine dehydrogenase gene responsible for classical type I xanthinuria". J. Clin. Invest. 99 (10): 2391–7. DOI:10.1172/JCI119421. PMID 9153281. PMC: 508078. Rouquette M (1998). "Expression of xanthine oxidase activity in human endothelial cells as a function of cell density". Biochem. Soc. Trans. 25 (3): 532S. PMID 9388748. Newaz MA, Adeeb NN (2000). "Detection of xanthine oxidase in human plasma". Med. J. Malaysia 53 (1): 70–5. PMID 10968141.