Uveal melanoma

Editor-In-Chief: Prab R Tumpati, MD
Obesity, Sleep & Internal medicine
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W8MD medical weight loss NYC and sleep center NYC

Uveal melanoma
Synonyms	N/A
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Visual disturbances, floaters, flashes of light, visual field loss
Complications	Metastasis, vision loss
Onset	Typically in adulthood
Duration	Chronic
Types	Iris melanoma, Ciliary body melanoma, Choroidal melanoma
Causes	Genetic mutations, UV radiation
Risks	Light eye color, fair skin, dysplastic nevus syndrome
Diagnosis	Ophthalmoscopy, ultrasound, fluorescein angiography, biopsy
Differential diagnosis	Choroidal nevus, retinal detachment, hemangioma
Prevention	N/A
Treatment	Radiation therapy, surgical resection, enucleation, laser therapy
Medication	N/A
Prognosis	Variable, depends on size and spread
Frequency	Rare, approximately 5-6 cases per million per year
Deaths	Related to metastatic spread, particularly to the liver

Malignant melanoma

Malignant melanoma of the choroid

Uveal melanoma is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that arises from the melanocytes within the uveal tract of the eye. The uveal tract consists of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid, which are the pigmented layers of the eye. Uveal melanoma is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults.

Epidemiology

Uveal melanoma is more prevalent in individuals of Caucasian descent and is rare in people of African or Asian ancestry. The incidence rate is approximately 5 to 6 cases per million per year in the United States. The disease is slightly more common in males than females and typically presents in individuals aged 50 to 70 years.

Pathophysiology

The exact cause of uveal melanoma is not well understood, but several risk factors have been identified. These include fair skin, light eye color, and certain genetic mutations. The tumor originates from melanocytes, which are cells responsible for pigment production in the eye. Uveal melanoma can occur in any part of the uveal tract, but the choroid is the most common site.

Clinical Presentation

Symptoms of uveal melanoma can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor. Common symptoms include blurred vision, visual field loss, and photopsia (flashes of light). In some cases, the tumor may be asymptomatic and discovered during a routine eye examination.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of uveal melanoma typically involves a comprehensive eye examination, including ophthalmoscopy, ultrasound, and optical coherence tomography. In some cases, a biopsy may be performed to confirm the diagnosis. Imaging studies such as MRI or CT scan may be used to assess the extent of the disease.

Treatment

Treatment options for uveal melanoma depend on the size and location of the tumor, as well as the presence of metastasis. Common treatments include radiation therapy, such as brachytherapy or proton beam therapy, and surgical options like enucleation or local resection. In some cases, laser therapy may be used to destroy the tumor.

Prognosis

The prognosis for uveal melanoma varies based on several factors, including tumor size, location, and genetic characteristics. The risk of metastasis is significant, with the liver being the most common site of spread. Early detection and treatment are crucial for improving outcomes.

See also

• Melanoma
• Ocular oncology
• Choroidal melanoma