Confounding variable
Confounding Variable
A confounding variable (pronounced: kənˈfaʊndɪŋ ˈveərɪəbəl) is a type of statistical variable that can cause or prevent the occurrence of certain statistical associations, and can distort the apparent relationship between different variables.
Etymology
The term "confounding" comes from the Latin word 'confundere', which means 'to mix up'. In the context of statistics and research, it refers to the confusion that occurs when the effects of two or more variables are mixed up.
Definition
A confounding variable, also known as a confounder or confounding factor, is an extraneous variable in a statistical model that correlates (positively or negatively) with both the dependent variable and the independent variable. A confounding variable can cause a false perception of association between the independent and dependent variables, leading to a bias in the estimated effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable.
Examples
In a study examining the relationship between smoking and lung cancer, age could be a confounding variable. Older people may be more likely to have lung cancer because they have had more time to smoke and to develop cancer, not necessarily because they smoke more.
Control of Confounding Variables
Confounding variables can be controlled in the design phase of a study by using randomization, matching, and stratification. In the analysis phase, techniques such as regression analysis, stratification, and multivariate analysis can be used.
Related Terms
External links
- Medical encyclopedia article on Confounding variable
- Wikipedia's article - Confounding variable
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