DNA cloning
DNA Cloning
DNA cloning (pronunciation: /diː.eɪn ˈkloʊnɪŋ/), also known as molecular cloning, is a set of experimental methods in Molecular biology that are used to assemble recombinant DNA molecules and to direct their replication within host organisms.
Etymology
The term "cloning" is derived from the Greek word "klōn", meaning "twig". In the context of DNA, it refers to the process of creating identical copies, much like a twig that can grow into a new tree. The term "DNA" stands for deoxyribonucleic acid, which is the molecule that carries genetic instructions in all living organisms and many viruses.
Process
The process of DNA cloning involves four steps: the isolation of DNA molecules to be cloned, their insertion into a suitable vector, the introduction of this composite DNA into a suitable organism, and finally, the growth of that organism. This results in the creation of a large number of identical copies of the DNA molecule, each within its own organism.
Related Terms
- Recombinant DNA: DNA that has been formed artificially by combining constituents from different organisms.
- Vector: A DNA molecule used as a vehicle to artificially carry foreign genetic material into another cell.
- Host: An organism that harbors a parasitic, a mutualistic, or a commensalist guest (symbiont).
- Molecular Biology: The branch of biology that deals with the structure and function of the macromolecules essential to life.
Applications
DNA cloning has a wide range of applications. It is used in research to create copies of specific DNA segments, in medicine to create proteins like insulin, and in agriculture to engineer crops that are more resistant to diseases and pests.
External links
- Medical encyclopedia article on DNA cloning
- Wikipedia's article - DNA cloning
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