Monoamines
Monoamines
Monoamines (/mɒnoʊˈeɪmiːnz/), derived from the Greek words "monos" meaning "single" and "amine" referring to their chemical structure, are a group of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators that contain one amino group connected to an aromatic ring by a two-carbon chain.
Etymology
The term "monoamine" is derived from the Greek word "monos" which means "single" and the term "amine" which refers to a type of organic compound derived from ammonia by replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by organic groups.
Types of Monoamines
Monoamines can be classified into three major groups: Catecholamines, Indolamines, and Phenethylamines.
- Catecholamines are a group of neurotransmitters that include dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. They are derived from the amino acid tyrosine and have a catechol group.
- Indolamines are a group of monoamines that include serotonin and melatonin. They are derived from the amino acid tryptophan and have an indole group.
- Phenethylamines are a group of monoamines that include phenethylamine itself, as well as a number of compounds with psychoactive properties such as amphetamine and mescaline.
Function
Monoamines play a crucial role in the regulation of various physiological functions including mood, attention, and visceral function. They are also involved in the pathophysiology of several psychiatric and neurological disorders, including depression, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, and Parkinson's disease.
Synthesis and Degradation
Monoamines are synthesized in the body from amino acids through a process called decarboxylation. They are degraded by enzymes known as monoamine oxidases (MAOs), which catalyze the oxidation of monoamines.
Related Terms
- Neurotransmitter: A chemical substance that is released at the end of a nerve fiber by the arrival of a nerve impulse and, by diffusing across the synapse or junction, causes the transfer of the impulse to another nerve fiber, a muscle fiber, or some other structure.
- Neuromodulator: A type of chemical messenger that modifies the physiological properties of neurons and influences their activity.
- Decarboxylation: A chemical reaction that removes a carboxyl group and releases carbon dioxide (CO2).
- Monoamine oxidase (MAO): An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of monoamines.
External links
- Medical encyclopedia article on Monoamines
- Wikipedia's article - Monoamines
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