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== Animal disease model == ...in preclinical research and serve as a bridge between in vitro studies and human clinical trials.

== Human Equivalent == ...[[pharmacology]]. It refers to the conversion of a measure used in animal studies to a measure that is applicable to humans.

...isms are in vivo models and are widely used to research human disease when human experimentation would be unfeasible or unethical. ...zed representation of a system, and "organism", referring to an individual animal, plant, or single-celled life form.

...the use of scientific methods to understand the principles of human health and diseases. ...one in people. This research is designed to improve overall patient health and increase understanding about disease.

...us system]] in prehistoric organisms, particularly the [[brain]] structure and function in extinct species. ...the Greek words ''palaios'' (meaning "old"), ''neuron'' (meaning "nerve"), and ''logia'' (meaning "study").

...e Diabetic), the "S" stands for "scid" (severe combined immunodeficiency), and the "G" stands for "gamma" (referring to the gamma chain of the interleukin ...tissues, or organs are transplanted into the mouse to study their function and behavior in a living organism.