Translation (biology)

Translation (biology)

Translation is the process in biology by which proteins are synthesized. It is the second step of gene expression, following transcription.

Pronunciation

• /trænˈsleɪʃən/

Etymology

The term "translation" comes from the Latin translatio which means "to carry across". In the context of biology, it refers to the process of carrying the genetic code from mRNA to synthesize proteins.

Process

Translation involves three key steps: initiation, elongation, and termination.

• Initiation: The ribosome binds to the mRNA at the start codon (AUG) that is recognized only by an initiator tRNA.
• Elongation: The next aminoacyl-tRNA binds to the ribosome at the A-site and the growing polypeptide is transferred from the tRNA in the P-site to the A-site.
• Termination: The process continues until a stop codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA) is reached, at which point the completed polypeptide chain is released.

Related Terms

• Codon: A sequence of three DNA or RNA nucleotides that corresponds with a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis.
• tRNA: Transfer RNA. It carries individual amino acids into the ribosome for assembly into the newly forming protein.
• mRNA: Messenger RNA. It carries the genetic information copied from DNA in the form of a series of three-base code “words,” each of which specifies a particular amino acid.
• Ribosome: A complex molecule made of ribosomal RNA molecules and proteins that form a factory for protein synthesis in cells.

External links

• Medical encyclopedia article on Translation (biology)
• Wikipedia's article - Translation (biology)

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