Afghanistan

Afghanistan (, Template:Lang-ps) is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central and South Asia. It is bordered by Pakistan to the east and south, Iran to the west, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan to the north, and China to the northeast. The capital and largest city is Kabul.

History

Afghanistan has a long and complex history, with evidence of human habitation dating back to the Middle Paleolithic era. The region has been a part of various empires and dynasties, including the Achaemenid Empire, the Maurya Empire, and the Kushan Empire. In the 7th century, Islam spread into the region, and Afghanistan became a center of Islamic culture and learning.

In the 19th century, Afghanistan became a focal point of the "Great Game" between the British Empire and the Russian Empire. The country maintained its independence during this period, although it was influenced by both powers. In the 20th century, Afghanistan experienced a series of political upheavals, including the Soviet invasion in 1979, the rise of the Taliban in the 1990s, and the U.S.-led invasion in 2001 following the September 11 attacks.

Geography

Afghanistan is characterized by its rugged terrain, with the Hindu Kush mountain range running through the center of the country. The highest point is Noshaq, at 7,492 meters (24,580 feet) above sea level. The country has a continental climate, with harsh winters and hot summers.

The major rivers include the Amu Darya, the Helmand, and the Kabul River. Afghanistan's natural resources include natural gas, petroleum, coal, copper, chromite, talc, barites, sulfur, lead, zinc, iron ore, salt, and precious and semi-precious stones.

Demographics

Afghanistan is a multiethnic society, with the largest ethnic groups being the Pashtuns, Tajiks, Hazaras, and Uzbeks. The official languages are Pashto and Dari, with many other languages spoken throughout the country.

The majority of Afghans are Muslim, with Sunni Islam being the predominant sect. There are also minority communities of Shia Muslims, Hindus, Sikhs, and others.

Economy

Afghanistan's economy is primarily based on agriculture, with major crops including wheat, fruits, nuts, and opium poppies. The country also has significant mineral resources, although development has been hindered by ongoing conflict and instability.

The service sector, including telecommunications and construction, has grown in recent years, but the economy remains heavily dependent on foreign aid.

Politics

Afghanistan is an Islamic republic with a president as head of state. The political system is based on the 2004 constitution, which established a bicameral National Assembly. However, the political situation remains unstable, with ongoing conflict and challenges to governance.

Culture

Afghanistan has a rich cultural heritage, with influences from Persian, Central Asian, and Indian cultures. Traditional music, poetry, and art are important aspects of Afghan culture. The country is also known for its traditional crafts, including carpet weaving and pottery.

Also see

• History of Afghanistan
• Geography of Afghanistan
• Economy of Afghanistan
• Politics of Afghanistan
• Culture of Afghanistan
• Pashto language
• Dari language