Alpha-7 nicotinic receptor
Alpha-7 Nicotinic Receptor
The Alpha-7 nicotinic receptor is a type of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) that is primarily found in the central nervous system. It is a ligand-gated ion channel that is activated by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine as well as by the alkaloid nicotine. The receptor is known for its high permeability to calcium ions (Ca2+), which distinguishes it from other types of nicotinic receptors.
Structure
The Alpha-7 nicotinic receptor is composed of five identical subunits, each of which spans the cell membrane and forms a central pore. This pentameric structure is typical of the Cys-loop receptor family, to which the nicotinic receptors belong. The receptor's structure allows it to undergo conformational changes upon binding to its ligands, leading to the opening of the ion channel.
Function
The primary function of the Alpha-7 nicotinic receptor is to mediate fast synaptic transmission in the nervous system. When activated, the receptor allows the influx of calcium ions, which can trigger various intracellular signaling pathways. This influx of calcium is crucial for processes such as neurotransmitter release, neuronal plasticity, and gene expression.
Distribution
Alpha-7 nicotinic receptors are widely distributed throughout the brain, with high concentrations in areas such as the hippocampus, cortex, and thalamus. They are also found in the peripheral nervous system and in non-neuronal tissues, including immune cells and epithelial cells.
Clinical Significance
The Alpha-7 nicotinic receptor has been implicated in various neurological and psychiatric disorders. It is a target of interest in the treatment of conditions such as schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, and inflammatory diseases. Agonists and modulators of the Alpha-7 receptor are being investigated for their potential therapeutic effects in these conditions.
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