Biotoxin
Biotoxin (pronunciation: /ˌbaɪoʊˈtɒksɪn/) is a toxin that is produced by a living organism, typically a microorganism. Biotoxins can be harmful to humans and other animals, and are often used by the organisms that produce them as a defense mechanism or to kill or incapacitate prey.
Etymology
The term "biotoxin" is derived from the Greek words "bios", meaning "life", and "toxikon", meaning "poison". It was first used in the late 19th century to describe toxins produced by living organisms.
Types of Biotoxins
There are many different types of biotoxins, which can be classified based on the organisms that produce them or the effects they have on the body. Some common types of biotoxins include:
- Bacterial toxins: These are toxins produced by bacteria. They can be either endotoxins, which are released when the bacteria die and their cell walls break down, or exotoxins, which are actively secreted by the bacteria.
- Mycotoxins: These are toxins produced by fungi. They are often found in moldy food or in the air in damp, moldy environments.
- Venoms: These are toxins produced by animals such as snakes, spiders, and scorpions. They are usually delivered through a bite or sting.
- Phycotoxins: These are toxins produced by algae. They can be harmful to marine life and can also cause illness in humans if they are ingested, inhaled, or come into contact with the skin.
Effects on the Body
The effects of biotoxins on the body can vary widely depending on the type of toxin and the amount that is ingested, inhaled, or comes into contact with the skin. Some biotoxins can cause mild symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, while others can cause serious illness or even death. In some cases, biotoxins can also cause long-term health problems, such as liver damage or neurological disorders.
Treatment and Prevention
Treatment for exposure to biotoxins typically involves removing the source of the toxin and providing supportive care to manage symptoms. In some cases, specific antidotes may be available. Prevention of biotoxin exposure can involve measures such as proper food handling and storage, avoiding contact with certain animals or environments, and wearing protective clothing or equipment.
External links
- Medical encyclopedia article on Biotoxin
- Wikipedia's article - Biotoxin
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