Bodhisattva

DevoteeDetail

Gandhara, rilievo col buddha shakyamuni che medita nella grotta indrashala e il buddha dipankara, II-III secolo

Cave 224, Maitreya (entrance lunette)

Avalokiteshvara%2C Dambulla 0413

British Museum Asia 45 (cropped)

Bodhisattva is a term in Buddhism that refers to an individual on the path to becoming a Buddha, who seeks enlightenment not only for themselves but for all beings. The concept of the Bodhisattva is central to Mahayana Buddhism, one of the major branches of Buddhism, which emphasizes the altruistic intention (bodhicitta) to attain Buddhahood for the benefit of all sentient beings.

Origins and Development

The idea of the Bodhisattva has evolved significantly since the early texts of Buddhism. Initially, the term was used in the Pali Canon of Theravada Buddhism to describe the historical Buddha, Siddhartha Gautama, in his previous lives before attaining enlightenment. However, in Mahayana Buddhism, the scope of the term expanded to include any being who has generated bodhicitta and is dedicated to achieving enlightenment for the sake of all beings.

Characteristics

A Bodhisattva is characterized by their profound compassion and the vow to remain in the cycle of birth and death (samsara) until all beings are liberated from suffering. They practice the Paramitas or perfections, which are virtues such as generosity, morality, patience, effort, meditation, and wisdom. The Bodhisattva's path is detailed in texts like the Bodhisattvacaryāvatāra by Shantideva, a comprehensive guide to the Bodhisattva way of life.

Stages of the Path

The path of a Bodhisattva is often described in terms of various stages or "bhūmis" (grounds). These stages represent the progressive attainment of qualities and wisdom necessary for enlightenment. The traditional Mahayana framework outlines ten bhūmis, each associated with specific practices and achievements.

Notable Bodhisattvas

Several Bodhisattvas are particularly revered in Mahayana Buddhism, each embodying specific qualities: - Avalokiteshvara (Guanyin in Chinese, Kannon in Japanese), the Bodhisattva of compassion, who hears the cries of the world and offers help. - Manjushri, the Bodhisattva of wisdom, who cuts through ignorance with his flaming sword. - Samantabhadra, known for his practice and vows of conduct that benefit all beings. - Maitreya, the future Buddha, who is currently a Bodhisattva residing in the Tusita heaven.

Cultural Impact

The concept of the Bodhisattva has had a profound impact on Buddhist art, literature, and practice across Asia. Statues, paintings, and scriptures depict various Bodhisattvas, serving as objects of devotion and inspiration for practitioners. The ideal of the Bodhisattva has also influenced social and ethical values, encouraging acts of generosity, kindness, and social service.

Conclusion

The Bodhisattva represents the ultimate ideal of Mahayana Buddhism, embodying the compassionate and altruistic quest for enlightenment. Through the practice of the perfections and the vow to benefit all beings, the Bodhisattva path offers a profound vision of spiritual development that transcends individual liberation and seeks the welfare of the entire world.