Brain death
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| Brain death | |
|---|---|
| File:Brain Death - Lazarus sign - Rare exuberant spinal reflex exclusively elicited per head flexion (TubeRipper.com).webm | |
| Synonyms | Brainstem death |
| Pronounce | N/A |
| Specialty | Neurology, Critical care medicine |
| Symptoms | Coma, absence of brainstem reflexes, apnea |
| Complications | Cardiac arrest, organ failure |
| Onset | Sudden |
| Duration | Permanent |
| Types | N/A |
| Causes | Severe brain injury, intracranial hemorrhage, anoxic brain injury |
| Risks | Traumatic brain injury, stroke, cardiac arrest |
| Diagnosis | Clinical examination, apnea test, EEG, cerebral angiography |
| Differential diagnosis | Coma, vegetative state, locked-in syndrome |
| Prevention | N/A |
| Treatment | None (irreversible condition) |
| Medication | N/A |
| Prognosis | Death |
| Frequency | Rare |
| Deaths | N/A |
Brain death is a clinical and legal definition of death that refers to the irreversible cessation of all functions of the entire brain, including the brain stem. This condition is characterized by the complete and permanent absence of neurological activity in the brain, resulting in the end of independent respiration.
Definition[edit]
The concept of brain death was first defined in 1968 by the Ad Hoc Committee of the Harvard Medical School. The committee proposed that "irreversible coma" be considered a new criterion for death. This definition was updated in the 1980s and again in 2010 by the American Academy of Neurology to clarify diagnostic criteria and procedures.
Diagnosis[edit]
Diagnosing brain death involves a series of tests that assess the absence of brain activity. These tests include a neurological examination, an apnea test, and sometimes additional confirmatory tests. The diagnosis must be made by a qualified physician, and in many jurisdictions, the diagnosis must be confirmed by a second physician.
Legal status[edit]
In many jurisdictions, brain death is legally recognized as death. This allows for the withdrawal of life support and the donation of organs. However, laws vary by country and sometimes by state or province. In some jurisdictions, families may object to the diagnosis of brain death on religious or cultural grounds.
Ethical issues[edit]
The concept of brain death raises a number of ethical issues, including the right to die, the definition of death, the ethics of organ transplantation, and the rights of patients and families. These issues are often debated in the fields of bioethics and medical ethics.
