Cryptococcus

Cryptococcus is a genus of fungus that can cause a condition known as cryptococcosis in humans and animals. This condition is typically caused by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii.

Overview

Cryptococcus is a yeast-like fungus that reproduces by budding. It is found in the environment, particularly in soil and in bird droppings. The major species of Cryptococcus that causes illness in humans is Cryptococcus neoformans, which is found worldwide. Cryptococcus gattii, previously thought to be a subtype of Cryptococcus neoformans, is found in tropical and subtropical regions, and has caused outbreaks in the Pacific Northwest of the United States.

Infection and Symptoms

Infection with Cryptococcus can occur when a person inhales the microscopic fungal spores from the environment. However, most people who are exposed to the fungus do not get sick. Cryptococcosis is most common in people with weakened immune systems, particularly those with HIV/AIDS.

Symptoms of cryptococcosis can vary widely, depending on the body systems affected. The lungs are commonly affected, leading to symptoms such as cough, chest pain, and shortness of breath. If the brain is affected, symptoms can include headache, fever, neck pain, nausea and vomiting, sensitivity to light, and changes in behavior or mental status.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosis of cryptococcosis is made by testing a sample of body fluid or tissue. Tests can include a culture of the fungus, staining of tissues to look for the fungus, or detection of antigens to the fungus in body fluids.

Treatment of cryptocococcosis involves antifungal medications. The specific drugs and length of treatment depend on the severity of the infection and the patient's overall health.

Prevention

There is currently no vaccine to prevent cryptococcosis. People with weakened immune systems may be advised to avoid certain activities that can expose them to the Cryptococcus fungus, such as disturbing soil or bird droppings.

See Also

• Fungal diseases
• Infectious diseases
• HIV/AIDS

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