Electrical resistivity and conductivity

Electrical Resistivity and Conductivity are fundamental properties that quantify how strongly a given material opposes or conducts the flow of electric current. A material's resistivity is the measure of its opposition to electric current, denoted by the Greek letter ρ (rho), whereas conductivity, denoted by σ (sigma), measures a material's ability to conduct electric current. These properties are inversely related; materials with high resistivity are poor conductors of electricity and vice versa.

Overview

Electrical resistivity is a key concept in the field of electrical engineering, physics, and materials science. It is defined as the resistance of a material to the flow of electric current per unit length and cross-sectional area. The SI unit of electrical resistivity is the ohm-meter (Ω⋅m). Conductivity, on the other hand, is the reciprocal of resistivity and is measured in siemens per meter (S/m).

Factors Affecting Resistivity and Conductivity

Several factors influence the resistivity and conductivity of materials, including:

• Temperature: For most materials, resistivity increases with temperature. In metals, the increase is due to the scattering of electrons by lattice vibrations (phonons). In semiconductors and insulators, the effect of temperature is more complex.
• Material Composition: The type of material has a significant impact on its resistivity and conductivity. Metals generally have low resistivity, while insulators have high resistivity. Semiconductors have resistivity values between those of metals and insulators.
• Impurities and Alloying: Adding impurities or alloying elements to a pure metal can increase its resistivity due to the scattering of electrons by the impurities.
• Physical State: The physical state of a material (solid, liquid, or gas) also affects its resistivity. Generally, gases have higher resistivity than liquids, which in turn have higher resistivity than solids.

Applications

Electrical resistivity and conductivity are critical in designing and manufacturing a wide range of electrical and electronic devices, including:

• Resistors and capacitors in electronic circuits
• Electrical cables and wiring for power transmission
• Semiconductor devices such as diodes and transistors
• Sensors and detectors for measuring various physical properties

Measurement

The resistivity of a material can be measured using various techniques, such as the four-point probe method, which minimizes the effect of contact resistance. Conductivity is often measured using AC methods to avoid electrolysis at the electrodes.

See Also

• Ohm's Law
• Semiconductor
• Superconductivity
• Insulator

References

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  Diagram showing the geometry used to measure electrical resistivity.

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  Animation of Newton's cradle demonstrating momentum and energy conservation.

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  Historical image depicting the discovery of superconductivity in 1911.

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  Lightning strike over Oradea, Romania.