Foreign-body giant cell

Foreign-body giant cell (FBGC) is a type of giant cell that forms when the immune system attempts to isolate and attack foreign materials in the body that are too large to be engulfed by individual macrophages. These cells are characterized by their large size, with multiple nuclei arranged in a ring or scattered throughout the cell. FBGCs are commonly observed in chronic inflammation cases, particularly in response to non-biodegradable materials, and play a significant role in the foreign body reaction (FBR).

Formation

FBGCs arise from the fusion of monocytes or macrophages, which are types of white blood cells that play a crucial role in the body's immune response. When these cells encounter a foreign material that they cannot phagocytize or break down due to its size or nature, they release cytokines and growth factors that promote the fusion of adjacent macrophages, leading to the formation of a giant cell with multiple nuclei.

Function

The primary function of FBGCs is to attempt to degrade or isolate foreign materials that are recognized as non-self by the immune system. These materials can include medical implants, sutures, and other non-biodegradable objects introduced into the body. Despite their efforts, FBGCs are often unable to completely degrade the foreign material, leading to a persistent foreign body reaction. This reaction can result in the formation of a fibrous capsule around the material, effectively isolating it from the surrounding tissue.

Clinical Significance

FBGCs are of clinical significance because they are indicative of a chronic inflammatory response to foreign materials in the body. Their presence can lead to complications in wound healing and the integration of medical implants. Understanding the formation and function of FBGCs is crucial for the development of biocompatible materials that minimize the foreign body reaction and improve the outcomes of medical implants and other procedures involving foreign materials.

Histopathology

Histologically, FBGCs can be identified by their large size, multiple nuclei, and the presence of a surrounding inflammatory infiltrate. Special staining techniques, such as hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, can be used to visualize these cells in tissue samples.

Management

Management of conditions involving FBGCs typically focuses on removing the foreign material, if possible, and addressing the underlying inflammation. In cases where the foreign material cannot be removed, treatment may involve the use of anti-inflammatory medications to reduce the immune response.

See Also

• Giant cell
• Macrophage
• Inflammation
• Biocompatibility
• Medical implant

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  Aspiration pneumonia micrograph

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  Suture micrograph

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  Foreign body engulfed by a giant cell

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  Silicone breast implant