Gluconic acid

A carboxylic acid derived from glucose

Gluconic acid

Structural formula of D-Gluconic acid

Gluconic acid is an organic compound with the formula C_H__O_. It is a carboxylic acid derived from glucose by the oxidation of the aldehyde group at C-1 to a carboxyl group. This compound is widely found in nature as it occurs in fruit, honey, and wine. It is also produced by the fermentation of glucose by certain bacteria.

Chemical properties

Gluconic acid is a mild organic acid that forms when glucose is oxidized. It is soluble in water and has a slightly sweet taste. The acid exists in equilibrium with its lactone form, glucono delta-lactone, which is a cyclic ester. This equilibrium is pH-dependent, with the lactone form being favored in acidic conditions.

Biological role

In biological systems, gluconic acid plays a role in the pentose phosphate pathway, which is crucial for the production of NADPH and ribose 5-phosphate. It is also involved in the metabolism of glucose in certain microorganisms, where it serves as a source of carbon and energy.

Industrial applications

Gluconic acid and its salts, known as gluconates, have various industrial applications. They are used as chelating agents to bind metal ions, which is useful in cleaning products and water treatment. In the food industry, gluconic acid is used as an acidulant and a sequestrant. It is also used in the pharmaceutical industry for its ability to enhance the absorption of certain drugs.

Production

Gluconic acid is produced commercially by the fermentation of glucose using Aspergillus niger or other fungi. The process involves the oxidation of glucose by the enzyme glucose oxidase, which converts the aldehyde group of glucose to a carboxylic acid group.

Related compounds

• Glucono delta-lactone
• Gluconate
• Glucose
• Ascorbic acid

Related pages

• Carboxylic acid
• Pentose phosphate pathway
• Fermentation