History of Tourette syndrome
History of Tourette syndrome
Tourette syndrome (== Template:IPA ==
The Template:IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) is a system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin alphabet. It was devised by the International Phonetic Association in the late 19th century as a standardized representation of the sounds of spoken language.
Pronunciation
The pronunciation of the term "IPA" is /aɪ piː eɪ/ in English.
Etymology
The term "IPA" is an acronym for the International Phonetic Alphabet. The International Phonetic Association, founded in 1886, created the IPA to provide a single, universal system for the transcription of spoken language.
Related Terms
- Phonetic notation: A system used to visually represent the sounds of speech. The IPA is one type of phonetic notation.
- Phonetics: The study of the physical sounds of human speech. It is concerned with the physical properties of speech sounds (phonemes), and the processes of their physiological production, auditory reception, and neurophysiological perception.
- Phonology: The study of the way sounds function within a particular language or languages. While phonetics concerns the physical production, acoustic transmission and perception of the sounds of speech, phonology describes the way sounds function within a particular language or languages.
- Transcription (linguistics): The systematic representation of spoken language in written form. The source of the words transcribe and transcription, the term means "to write across" in Latin, and it's the process of converting spoken language into written form. In linguistics, this is often done using the IPA.
External links
- Medical encyclopedia article on History of Tourette syndrome
- Wikipedia's article - History of Tourette syndrome
This WikiMD dictionary article is a stub. You can help make it a full article.
Languages: - East Asian
中文,
日本,
한국어,
South Asian
हिन्दी,
Urdu,
বাংলা,
తెలుగు,
தமிழ்,
ಕನ್ನಡ,
Southeast Asian
Indonesian,
Vietnamese,
Thai,
မြန်မာဘာသာ,
European
español,
Deutsch,
français,
русский,
português do Brasil,
Italian,
polski), also known as Tourette's syndrome, Tourette's disorder, or simply Tourette's or TS, is a common neuropsychiatric disorder with onset in childhood, characterized by multiple motor tics and at least one vocal (phonic) tic.
Etymology
The syndrome is named for Dr. Georges Gilles de la Tourette, a French neurologist who first described the condition in an 86-year-old French noblewoman in 1885. The term "Tourette syndrome" was later coined by Jean-Martin Charcot, the "father of neurology", and Gilles de la Tourette's mentor.
Early History
The earliest references to what might today be recognized as Tourette syndrome are found in the writings of Thomas Willis (1621–1675), an English physician and founding member of the Royal Society. Willis described patients with "convulsive tic disorder," providing the earliest known description of a Tourette syndrome-like condition.
19th Century
In the 19th century, Jean-Marc Gaspard Itard (1774–1838), a French physician, reported the case of the Marquise de Dampierre, a woman of nobility who exhibited symptoms of Tourette syndrome. This is the same patient that Dr. Georges Gilles de la Tourette later described in his landmark 1885 paper.
20th Century
In the 20th century, the understanding of Tourette syndrome continued to evolve. In the 1960s and 1970s, as the field of neurology advanced, researchers began to recognize Tourette syndrome as a biological condition rather than a psychological one. This shift in understanding was largely due to the work of Dr. Arthur K. Shapiro, who is often credited with redefining Tourette syndrome as a neurological disorder.
Modern Understanding
Today, Tourette syndrome is recognized as a complex disorder with both genetic and environmental influences. While the exact cause remains unknown, research has pointed to abnormalities in certain brain regions and neurotransmitters.
See also
References
External links
- Medical encyclopedia article on History of Tourette syndrome
- Wikipedia's article - History of Tourette syndrome
This WikiMD dictionary article is a stub. You can help make it a full article.
Languages: - East Asian
中文,
日本,
한국어,
South Asian
हिन्दी,
Urdu,
বাংলা,
తెలుగు,
தமிழ்,
ಕನ್ನಡ,
Southeast Asian
Indonesian,
Vietnamese,
Thai,
မြန်မာဘာသာ,
European
español,
Deutsch,
français,
русский,
português do Brasil,
Italian,
polski