List of cognitive biases

Cognitive Biases

Cognitive biases (/kɒɡˈnɪtɪv ˈbaɪəsɪz/; from Latin cognitio, "knowledge" and English bias, "inclination") are systematic errors in thinking that affect the decisions and judgments that people make. Some of these biases are related to memory. The concept of cognitive bias was introduced by Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman in 1972.

Types of Cognitive Biases

Confirmation Bias

Confirmation bias (/kənˈfɜːrməʃən ˈbaɪəs/; from Latin confirmare, "to confirm" and English bias, "inclination") is the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms one's preexisting beliefs or hypotheses.

Hindsight Bias

Hindsight bias (/ˈhaɪndˌsaɪt ˈbaɪəs/; from English hindsight, "understanding of a situation or event only after it has happened or developed" and bias, "inclination") is the inclination to see events that have already occurred as being more predictable than they were before they took place.

Anchoring Bias

Anchoring bias (/ˈæŋkərɪŋ ˈbaɪəs/; from English anchor, "a person or thing that provides stability or confidence in an otherwise uncertain situation" and bias, "inclination") is a cognitive bias that describes the human tendency to rely too heavily on the first piece of information encountered (the "anchor") when making decisions.

See Also

• List of fallacies
• Heuristics in judgment and decision-making
• List of memory biases

External Links

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