Mandibulofacial dysostosis-microcephaly syndrome

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Mandibulofacial dysostosis-microcephaly syndrome
Synonyms	MFDM syndrome
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Microcephaly, mandibulofacial dysostosis, developmental delay
Complications	N/A
Onset	Congenital
Duration	Lifelong
Types	N/A
Causes	Genetic mutation
Risks	Family history of the condition
Diagnosis	Genetic testing, clinical evaluation
Differential diagnosis	Treacher Collins syndrome, Nager syndrome
Prevention	N/A
Treatment	Supportive care, surgical intervention
Medication	N/A
Prognosis	Variable, depending on severity
Frequency	Rare
Deaths	N/A

Mandibulofacial Dysostosis-Microcephaly Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by distinctive craniofacial abnormalities, microcephaly, and intellectual disability. This syndrome falls under the broader category of craniofacial syndromes, which involve malformations of the face and skull. The condition is also known as Treacher Collins syndrome type 2, highlighting its similarities to, yet distinct features from, the classic Treacher Collins syndrome.

Symptoms and Characteristics

The hallmark features of Mandibulofacial Dysostosis-Microcephaly Syndrome include:

• Microcephaly: A significantly smaller head size compared to others of the same age and sex.
• Craniofacial Abnormalities: These may include underdeveloped facial bones, particularly the mandible (lower jaw), leading to a characteristic facial appearance.
• Ear Abnormalities: Including underdeveloped or absent external ear structures, which may lead to hearing loss.
• Eyelid Abnormalities: Such as coloboma (a notch in the lower eyelid), which can affect vision.
• Intellectual Disability: Varying degrees of learning difficulties or cognitive impairment.

Genetics

Mandibulofacial Dysostosis-Microcephaly Syndrome is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. This means that an individual must inherit two copies of the mutated gene, one from each parent, to be affected by the condition. The specific genes implicated in this syndrome have not been fully identified, making genetic counseling and prediction of the syndrome challenging.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of Mandibulofacial Dysostosis-Microcephaly Syndrome is primarily based on clinical evaluation and the presence of characteristic physical features. Genetic testing may help in confirming the diagnosis, although the absence of identified specific genes can limit this approach.

Management and Treatment

There is no cure for Mandibulofacial Dysostosis-Microcephaly Syndrome, and treatment focuses on managing symptoms and improving quality of life. This may include:

• Surgical Interventions: To correct craniofacial abnormalities or to address hearing and vision problems.
• Educational Support: Tailored learning programs to accommodate intellectual disability.
• Therapeutic Support: Such as speech therapy, occupational therapy, and physical therapy to help with developmental milestones.

Prognosis

The prognosis for individuals with Mandibulofacial Dysostosis-Microcephaly Syndrome varies depending on the severity of symptoms. With appropriate medical and educational support, many affected individuals can lead fulfilling lives.

See Also

• Craniofacial Abnormalities
• Microcephaly
• Treacher Collins Syndrome
• Genetic Disorders

NIH genetic and rare disease info

• NIH info on Mandibulofacial dysostosis-microcephaly syndrome

Mandibulofacial dysostosis-microcephaly syndrome is a rare disease.