Marasmus
Editor-In-Chief: Prab R Tumpati, MD
Obesity, Sleep & Internal medicine
Founder, WikiMD Wellnesspedia &
W8MD medical weight loss NYC and sleep center NYC
| Marasmus | |
|---|---|
| |
| Synonyms | N/A |
| Pronounce | N/A |
| Specialty | N/A |
| Symptoms | Severe weight loss, muscle wasting, stunted growth, weakness |
| Complications | Infection, dehydration, hypothermia, hypoglycemia |
| Onset | Gradual |
| Duration | Chronic |
| Types | N/A |
| Causes | Malnutrition, caloric deficiency |
| Risks | Poverty, famine, inadequate food supply |
| Diagnosis | Clinical assessment, anthropometric measurements |
| Differential diagnosis | Kwashiorkor, failure to thrive, anorexia nervosa |
| Prevention | Adequate nutrition, food security |
| Treatment | Nutritional rehabilitation, oral rehydration therapy, treatment of infections |
| Medication | N/A |
| Prognosis | Variable, depends on severity and treatment |
| Frequency | Common in developing countries |
| Deaths | N/A |
Marasmus is a severe form of malnutrition, marked by significant weight loss, depletion of muscle and subcutaneous fat, and an overall emaciated appearance. It is primarily caused by a chronic deficiency in calories and proteins[1].
Causes
Marasmus usually arises from a stark deficit in overall caloric intake. This shortage is often associated with poverty, limited food supply, or a lack of knowledge about proper nutrition. It's also common in infants and young children, particularly in regions where malnutrition is prevalent.
Clinical Presentation
Patients with marasmus appear extremely thin and wasted with nearly all fat stores depleted. They often display signs of chronic hunger and dehydration. Mental changes such as irritability and apathy may be observed. Immune function is typically compromised, leading to susceptibility to infections[2].
Diagnosis and Treatment
Diagnosis is based on clinical signs and patient history. Laboratory tests may be used to confirm malnutrition and rule out other conditions. The mainstay of treatment is the gradual reintroduction of balanced, nutrient-rich foods. Care must be taken to manage 'refeeding syndrome,' a potentially dangerous shift in fluids and electrolytes that can occur when malnourished patients receive artificial refeeding[3]. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary.
Prevention
Prevention of marasmus involves ensuring adequate nutrition, particularly in regions where food supply may be unstable. Education on balanced diets and early recognition of malnutrition signs are crucial.
References
- ↑ Kwashiorkor and marasmus are both associated with impaired glucose clearance related to pancreatic β-cell dysfunction(link). National Institutes of Health. Accessed 2023-06-21.
- ↑ Malnutrition and the Role of Nutritional Support for the Hospitalized Patient(link). National Institutes of Health. Accessed 2023-06-21.
- ↑ Refeeding syndrome: what it is, and how to prevent and treat it(link). National Institutes of Health. Accessed 2023-06-21.
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Contributors: Prab R. Tumpati, MD
