Combined hyperlipidemia

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Combined hyperlipidemia
Synonyms	Hyperlipidemia, familial combined hyperlipidemia
Pronounce
Specialty	Endocrinology
Symptoms	Elevated cholesterol, triglycerides, and lipoproteins
Complications	Cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis
Onset	Typically in adulthood
Duration	Chronic
Types
Causes	Genetic and lifestyle factors
Risks	Obesity, diabetes, hypertension
Diagnosis	Blood test for lipid levels
Differential diagnosis	Hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia
Prevention	Diet, exercise, medication
Treatment	Statins, fibrates, niacin
Medication
Prognosis	Variable, depends on management
Frequency	Common
Deaths	N/A

Combined hyperlipidemia (also known as mixed hyperlipidemia or Type IIb hyperlipoproteinemia) is a form of hyperlipidemia characterized by elevated levels of both low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and triglycerides. This condition poses a significant risk for the development of cardiovascular disease, including coronary artery disease and stroke. Understanding the causes, diagnosis, and management of combined hyperlipidemia is crucial for preventing its complications.

Causes

Combined hyperlipidemia is often hereditary, known as familial combined hyperlipidemia, but can also be acquired due to lifestyle factors such as poor diet, lack of exercise, and obesity. The hereditary form is caused by genetic variations that affect lipid metabolism, leading to increased production of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and impaired clearance of lipoproteins from the blood.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of combined hyperlipidemia involves blood tests to measure levels of cholesterol and triglycerides. A lipid profile typically shows elevated levels of LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and often total cholesterol. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels may be normal or low. Genetic testing may be considered in individuals with a family history of hyperlipidemia or early-onset cardiovascular disease.

Management

Management of combined hyperlipidemia focuses on reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease. Lifestyle modifications, including a healthy diet, regular physical activity, and weight loss, are the first-line approach. Dietary changes aim to reduce intake of saturated fats and cholesterol while increasing consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Pharmacotherapy may be necessary for individuals who do not achieve lipid goals with lifestyle modifications alone. Statins are the primary medication used to lower LDL cholesterol levels. Fibrates, niacin, and omega-3 fatty acids may be used to reduce triglyceride levels. The choice of medication depends on the individual's lipid profile and risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

Prevention

Prevention of combined hyperlipidemia, particularly the acquired form, involves adopting a healthy lifestyle. This includes maintaining a healthy weight, engaging in regular physical activity, and eating a balanced diet low in saturated fats and high in fiber. Regular screening for lipid disorders is recommended for early detection and management.

Summary

Combined hyperlipidemia is a complex disorder with significant implications for cardiovascular health. Early detection, lifestyle modifications, and appropriate pharmacotherapy are key to managing this condition and reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease.

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