Noma (disease)

Editor-In-Chief: Prab R Tumpati, MD
Obesity, Sleep & Internal medicine
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Noma
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Synonyms	Cancrum oris, gangrenous stomatitis
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Ulcers in the mouth, tissue necrosis, facial disfigurement
Complications	Sepsis, malnutrition, dehydration
Onset	Typically in children aged 2 to 6 years
Duration	Chronic
Types	N/A
Causes	Malnutrition, poor oral hygiene, immunodeficiency
Risks	Poverty, measles, HIV/AIDS
Diagnosis	Clinical examination
Differential diagnosis	Oral cancer, herpes simplex, syphilis
Prevention	Improved nutrition, vaccination, oral hygiene
Treatment	Antibiotics, surgery, nutritional support
Medication	N/A
Prognosis	Poor if untreated, better with early intervention
Frequency	Estimated 140,000 cases per year
Deaths	High mortality rate if untreated

Cancrum Oris

Noma

Noma (cropped)

Noma (also known as Cancrum oris) is a rapidly progressive, polymicrobial, often gangrenous infection of the mouth or face. It is associated with high morbidity and mortality and primarily affects malnourished children in low-income countries, particularly those with concurrent illness.

Epidemiology

Noma is most common in children between the ages of 1 and 4, but can occur at any age. The disease is associated with high mortality, with estimates ranging from 70% to 90%. Survivors of noma often suffer from severe facial disfigurement, functional impairment, and social stigma.

Causes

The exact cause of noma is unknown, but it is likely to be a combination of factors including malnutrition, poor oral hygiene, and a weakened immune system. Other contributing factors may include concurrent illnesses such as measles, malaria, and HIV/AIDS.

Symptoms

The initial symptoms of noma are often nonspecific and may include fever, malaise, and irritability. This is followed by the rapid onset of painful oral ulcers, which can progress to full-thickness necrosis of the tissues of the face.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of noma is primarily clinical, based on the characteristic appearance of the lesions. Laboratory tests and imaging studies may be used to confirm the diagnosis and assess the extent of the disease.

Treatment

Treatment of noma involves a combination of antibiotics, nutritional support, and surgical intervention. Early detection and treatment can significantly improve outcomes.

Prevention

Prevention of noma involves improving nutrition, promoting good oral hygiene, and early treatment of concurrent illnesses.

See also

• Malnutrition
• Oral hygiene
• Measles
• Malaria
• HIV/AIDS

References

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