Phenuiviridae

Phenuiviridae is a family of negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses in the order Bunyavirales. This family includes viruses that are primarily transmitted through arthropod vectors such as mosquitoes, ticks, and sandflies. Members of this family are known to infect a wide range of hosts, including humans, animals, and plants, and can cause significant diseases.

Taxonomy

The family Phenuiviridae is divided into several genera, including:

• Phlebovirus
• Tenuivirus
• Uukuvirus

Each genus contains multiple species, some of which are of medical and veterinary importance.

Structure

Phenuiviridae virions are spherical and enveloped, with a diameter of approximately 80-120 nm. The viral genome is segmented and consists of three negative-sense RNA segments: the L (large), M (medium), and S (small) segments. These segments encode the viral polymerase, glycoproteins, and nucleocapsid proteins, respectively.

Replication Cycle

The replication cycle of Phenuiviridae begins with the attachment of the virus to the host cell surface receptors, followed by endocytosis. Once inside the host cell, the viral RNA segments are released into the cytoplasm, where transcription and replication occur. The viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase synthesizes mRNA from the negative-sense RNA genome, which is then translated into viral proteins. Assembly of new virions occurs in the cytoplasm, and mature virions are released from the host cell by budding.

Pathogenesis

Phenuiviridae includes several viruses that are pathogenic to humans and animals. For example, the Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), a member of the genus Phlebovirus, causes Rift Valley fever, a zoonotic disease that affects livestock and humans. Symptoms in humans can range from mild flu-like illness to severe hemorrhagic fever.

Transmission

Transmission of Phenuiviridae viruses typically occurs through the bite of infected arthropods. For instance, RVFV is primarily transmitted by mosquitoes, while other phleboviruses may be transmitted by sandflies or ticks. Some members of the family can also be transmitted through direct contact with infected animals or their bodily fluids.

Prevention and Control

Preventive measures against Phenuiviridae infections focus on controlling the arthropod vectors and minimizing exposure to infected animals. This includes the use of insect repellents, protective clothing, and vector control programs. Vaccines are available for some viruses, such as RVFV, but are primarily used in livestock.

Also see

• Bunyavirales
• Negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus
• Arthropod-borne virus
• Rift Valley fever

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  Phenuiviridae