Planctomycetota

Brocadia anammoxidans, a representative of the Planctomycetota.

Planctomycetota is a phylum of bacteria that is notable for its unique cellular structures and ecological roles. Members of this phylum are found in a variety of environments, including aquatic habitats and soil. They are particularly known for their unusual cell biology, which includes features that are atypical for bacteria, such as membrane-bound compartments within the cell.

Cell Structure

Planctomycetota are characterized by their complex cell structure. Unlike most bacteria, they possess internal membranes that compartmentalize the cell. This feature is reminiscent of the eukaryotic cell organization, although the evolutionary implications of this similarity are still a subject of research.

Diagram showing division modes in Planctomycetota.

The cell wall of Planctomycetota lacks peptidoglycan, which is unusual for bacteria. Instead, their cell walls are composed of other polymers, which contribute to their distinctive morphology. The presence of a membrane-bound nucleoid region is another unique feature, setting them apart from typical prokaryotic cells.

Metabolism

Planctomycetota exhibit diverse metabolic capabilities. Some species are capable of anammox (anaerobic ammonium oxidation), a process that plays a crucial role in the global nitrogen cycle. This process involves the conversion of ammonium and nitrite into nitrogen gas, which is then released into the atmosphere.

Diagram of the anammox process.

Ecological Role

Planctomycetota are found in a wide range of environments, from marine and freshwater systems to terrestrial habitats. They are important players in the nitrogen cycle, particularly in anoxic environments where they contribute to the removal of nitrogen compounds.

Seaweed, a common habitat for Planctomycetota.

Reproduction

Reproduction in Planctomycetota is also atypical for bacteria. They reproduce by budding rather than binary fission, which is the more common form of bacterial reproduction. This involves the formation of a new cell from a protrusion of the parent cell, which eventually detaches to become an independent organism.

Evolutionary Significance

The unique features of Planctomycetota have led to significant interest in their evolutionary history. They are part of the PVC superphylum, which includes other unusual bacterial groups such as Verrucomicrobia and Chlamydiae. The evolutionary relationships within this group are still being elucidated, with ongoing research into their genomic and structural characteristics.

Crateriform structures associated with Planctomycetota.

Related Pages

• Bacteria
• Nitrogen cycle
• Anammox
• PVC superphylum