Pulmonary artery stenosis

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Pulmonary artery stenosis
Stenosis of the right pulmonary artery
Synonyms
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Shortness of breath, chest pain, fatigue, cyanosis
Complications	Pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy
Onset
Duration
Types
Causes	Congenital heart defect, acquired
Risks
Diagnosis	Echocardiogram, cardiac catheterization, MRI
Differential diagnosis	Pulmonary valve stenosis, coarctation of the aorta
Prevention
Treatment	Balloon angioplasty, surgical repair
Medication
Prognosis
Frequency
Deaths

Pulmonary Artery Stenosis is a rare cardiovascular condition characterized by the narrowing of one or more branches of the pulmonary artery, which can lead to reduced blood flow from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs. This condition can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired later in life due to other medical conditions or surgical procedures. Pulmonary artery stenosis can lead to various complications, including pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and heart failure.

Causes

Pulmonary artery stenosis can be caused by a variety of factors. Congenital causes are often associated with genetic conditions or developmental issues during fetal growth. These can include Williams Syndrome, congenital rubella syndrome, and Noonan syndrome. Acquired causes may result from inflammatory diseases, such as Takayasu arteritis or Behçet's disease, or from complications following surgical interventions to correct other heart defects.

Symptoms

Symptoms of pulmonary artery stenosis can vary widely depending on the severity and location of the narrowing. Common symptoms include shortness of breath, especially during exercise; fatigue; chest pain; and, in severe cases, syncope (fainting). Infants and young children may present with failure to thrive, recurrent respiratory infections, or a heart murmur detectable by a healthcare professional.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of pulmonary artery stenosis typically involves a combination of physical examination, imaging studies, and cardiac catheterization. Imaging studies may include an echocardiogram, which uses ultrasound waves to create images of the heart and pulmonary arteries, and a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan, which provides detailed images of the heart's structure and blood flow. Cardiac catheterization, a procedure in which a thin tube is inserted into a blood vessel and guided to the heart, can measure the pressure within the pulmonary arteries and assess the severity of the stenosis.

Treatment

Treatment for pulmonary artery stenosis depends on the severity of the condition and the presence of associated heart defects. Mild cases may not require immediate treatment but should be monitored for any signs of progression. For more severe cases, treatment options include balloon angioplasty, stent placement, or surgery to repair or replace the narrowed section of the artery. In some cases, treatment of underlying conditions, such as autoimmune diseases, may also alleviate the stenosis.

Prognosis

The prognosis for individuals with pulmonary artery stenosis varies depending on the severity of the condition, the effectiveness of treatment, and the presence of other heart defects or health issues. With appropriate treatment, many individuals can lead normal, active lives. However, ongoing monitoring and follow-up care with a cardiologist are essential to manage the condition and prevent complications.

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