Sex differences in human physiology
Sex differences in human physiology are distinctions of physiological characteristics associated with either male or female humans. These can be of several types, including direct effects of sex chromosomes, secondary effects of gonadal steroids, or gender effects related to differential social roles.
Sex chromosomes and phenotype
Sex chromosomes (X and Y) carry genes that code for different physical traits and are one of the forces establishing sex differences in humans. The Y chromosome carries genes related to the development of male sexual characteristics, while the X chromosome carries genes important for both sexes.
Gonadal steroids
Gonadal steroids also play a crucial role in sex differences in human physiology. These hormones, which include estrogens, progesterone, and androgens, are produced in different amounts in males and females, and they influence the development and function of various body systems.
Gender and social roles
Gender and social roles can also influence human physiology. For example, societal expectations can influence behaviors such as diet, exercise, and risk-taking, which in turn can affect health outcomes.
Sex differences in specific physiological systems
Cardiovascular system
There are several sex differences in the cardiovascular system. For example, men tend to have larger hearts and higher blood pressure, while women are more likely to experience certain types of heart disease.
Endocrine system
The endocrine system also shows sex differences. For example, women have higher levels of estrogen and progesterone, while men have higher levels of testosterone.
Nervous system
Sex differences in the nervous system include differences in brain structure, neurotransmitter levels, and responses to stress.
See also
References
Sex differences in human physiology
Human Body
Y Chromosome Showing SRY
Gray's Anatomy Plate 241
Gray's Anatomy Plate 242
Woman showing fullness of cheeks
Woman redhead natural portrait
Male anatomy
Scheme of female reproductive system
Muscle of the Perineum
Lobes of the brain
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