Species distribution

Species distribution refers to the geographical area within which a species can be found. This distribution is influenced by both biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) factors, leading to the presence or absence of a species in a particular habitat. Understanding species distribution is crucial for conservation biology, ecology, and biogeography, as it helps in the assessment of species diversity, endangered species protection, and the management of natural resources.

Factors Influencing Species Distribution

Several factors influence the distribution of species across different geographical areas. These include:

• Climate: Temperature, precipitation, and sunlight are critical determinants of habitat suitability for different species.
• Geography: Physical barriers such as mountains and oceans can limit the movement of species, affecting their distribution.
• Soil type: The composition and characteristics of soil can support or hinder the growth of certain plant species, which in turn affects the distribution of animal species dependent on those plants.
• Interactions with other species: Predation, competition, and symbiosis can influence where a species can survive and thrive.
• Human activities: Urbanization, deforestation, and pollution can alter habitats and thus the distribution of species.

Types of Species Distribution

Species distribution can be categorized into three main types:

• Cosmopolitan distribution: Species with a cosmopolitan distribution can be found in most regions of the world. These species are highly adaptable to various environmental conditions.
• Endemic species: Endemic species are those confined to a specific, often isolated, geographical area. These species are particularly vulnerable to extinction.
• Introduced species: Introduced, or non-native, species are those that have been brought to a new habitat by human activity. These species can sometimes become invasive, outcompeting native species and altering the local ecosystem.

Modeling Species Distribution

Species distribution models (SDMs) are tools used by ecologists to predict the distribution of species across geographical areas, based on environmental conditions and species occurrence data. SDMs are essential for conservation planning, especially under scenarios of climate change and habitat loss.

Conservation Implications

Understanding and predicting species distribution is vital for biodiversity conservation. It helps in identifying biodiversity hotspots, assessing the impacts of climate change on species, and planning conservation strategies to protect endangered species and their habitats.

See Also

• Biodiversity
• Habitat fragmentation
• Climate change and ecosystems
• Wildlife corridor

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Species distribution

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  Juniperus communis North American range map

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  Population distribution

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  North America

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  North America birds

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  North America mammals