Sulfonamide hypersensitivity syndrome

Sulfonamide hypersensitivity syndrome
Synonyms	Sulfonamide allergy, Sulfa allergy
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Fever, rash, arthralgia, myalgia, hepatitis, nephritis, hematologic abnormalities
Complications	Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, anaphylaxis
Onset	Typically within 1 to 2 weeks of exposure
Duration	Variable, depending on severity and management
Types	N/A
Causes	Hypersensitivity to sulfonamide medications
Risks	Previous reaction to sulfonamides, HIV infection, genetic predisposition
Diagnosis	Clinical evaluation, allergy testing
Differential diagnosis	Drug eruption, viral exanthem, autoimmune disease
Prevention	Avoidance of sulfonamide drugs
Treatment	Discontinuation of the offending drug, antihistamines, corticosteroids
Medication	Antihistamines, corticosteroids
Prognosis	Generally good with prompt treatment, but severe cases can be life-threatening
Frequency	Varies, more common in certain populations
Deaths	N/A

Sulfonamide hypersensitivity syndrome Sulfonamide hypersensitivity syndrome is an adverse reaction to sulfonamide antibiotics, which are a group of medicines that include sulfamethoxazole, sulfadiazine, and sulfisoxazole. This syndrome is characterized by a variety of symptoms that can range from mild to severe and can affect multiple organ systems.

Symptoms

The symptoms of sulfonamide hypersensitivity syndrome can include:

• Fever
• Rash
• Hepatitis
• Nephritis
• Eosinophilia
• Arthralgia
• Myalgia

Pathophysiology

The exact mechanism of sulfonamide hypersensitivity syndrome is not fully understood. It is believed to be an immune-mediated reaction, possibly involving both Type I hypersensitivity and Type IV hypersensitivity mechanisms. Genetic factors, such as certain HLA alleles, may predispose individuals to this syndrome.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is primarily clinical, based on the history of exposure to sulfonamide antibiotics and the presence of characteristic symptoms. Laboratory tests may show elevated liver enzymes, eosinophilia, and other signs of systemic involvement. Skin testing and drug provocation tests are generally not recommended due to the risk of severe reactions.

Management

The primary treatment for sulfonamide hypersensitivity syndrome is the immediate discontinuation of the offending drug. Supportive care, including antihistamines, corticosteroids, and intravenous fluids, may be necessary depending on the severity of the symptoms. In severe cases, hospitalization may be required.

Prevention

Patients with a known history of sulfonamide hypersensitivity should avoid all sulfonamide antibiotics. It is also important to inform healthcare providers of this allergy to prevent inadvertent administration of these drugs.

Related Pages

• Hypersensitivity
• Drug allergy
• Immune system
• Antibiotics
• Adverse drug reaction

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