Hyperlipidemia

Editor-In-Chief: Prab R Tumpati, MD
Obesity, Sleep & Internal medicine
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Hyperlipidemia
Synonyms	Hyperlipoproteinemia, hyperlipidaemia
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Often none; may include xanthomas, pancreatitis, atherosclerosis
Complications	Cardiovascular disease, stroke, peripheral artery disease
Onset	Varies, often diagnosed in adulthood
Duration	Long-term
Types	N/A
Causes	Genetics, diet, lifestyle, medications
Risks	Obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, alcohol use disorder
Diagnosis	Blood test measuring cholesterol and triglycerides
Differential diagnosis	Hypothyroidism, nephrotic syndrome, cholestasis
Prevention	Healthy diet, exercise, weight management
Treatment	Lifestyle changes, statins, fibrates, niacin, omega-3 fatty acids
Medication	Statins, fibrates, niacin
Prognosis	N/A
Frequency	Common
Deaths

Hyperlipidemia refers to a group of conditions characterized by unusually high levels of lipids, or fats, in the blood. These disorders can significantly increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases such as coronary artery disease and stroke. One of the most common forms of hyperlipidemia is hypercholesterolemia, a condition where there is an excess of cholesterol in the bloodstream.

Classification

Hyperlipidemias can be classified into two broad categories: primary and secondary.

• Primary hyperlipidemia is generally caused by genetic factors, leading to elevated lipid levels from birth. Specific genetic disorders, such as familial hypercholesterolemia, fall under this category.
• Secondary hyperlipidemia is often the result of lifestyle factors or certain medical conditions, including poor diet, lack of exercise, obesity, diabetes, and hypothyroidism.

Depiction of a person suffering from high cholesterol

Clinical Presentation

While hyperlipidemia often doesn't cause symptoms in the early stages, the long-term effects of elevated lipid levels can lead to visible and detrimental health conditions. These can include:

• Xanthomas: These are fatty deposits that form under the skin, particularly around the eyes, joints, or tendons.
• Coronary artery disease: This condition is often a result of high cholesterol levels that lead to the formation of plaques in the arteries.
• Pancreatitis: Extremely high levels of triglycerides can cause inflammation of the pancreas.

Even if you're feeling like Superman, you need to know your cholesterol number (4647887982)

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of hyperlipidemia typically involves blood tests to measure the levels of various lipids, including low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and triglycerides. A comprehensive lipid profile is usually conducted after a 9 to 12-hour fast to ensure accurate results.

Management and Treatment

Management of hyperlipidemia often involves lifestyle modifications, such as adopting a diet low in saturated fats and cholesterol, regular physical exercise, maintaining a healthy weight, and quitting smoking. In addition to these changes, pharmacological therapy may be necessary. This can include the use of medications like statins, fibrates, or niacin.

Epidemiology

Hyperlipidemia is a common condition, affecting a significant proportion of the adult population worldwide. The prevalence varies depending on the specific type of hyperlipidemia and the population studied.

See Also

• Dyslipidemia
• Atherosclerosis
• Cardiovascular disease

References

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