Yoga (philosophy)

Yoga (philosophy)

Yoga is a group of physical, mental, and spiritual practices or disciplines which originated in ancient India. Yoga is one of the six orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy. There is a broad variety of yoga schools, practices, and goals in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. The term "Yoga" in the Western world often denotes a modern form of Hatha yoga and yoga as exercise, consisting largely of the postures or asanas.

Etymology

The word "yoga" comes from the Sanskrit root "yuj," which means "to join" or "to unite." In the context of philosophy, yoga refers to the union of the individual consciousness with the universal consciousness.

History

Yoga has a long history, with its origins tracing back to pre-Vedic Indian traditions, mentioned in the Rigveda, and developed around the sixth and fifth centuries BCE in ancient India's ascetic and śramaṇa movements. The chronology of early texts describing yoga-practices is unclear, varyingly credited to Hindu Upanishads, Buddhist Pāli Canon, and Jain texts.

Philosophical Foundations

Yoga is considered one of the six orthodox philosophical schools of Hinduism. The foundational text of yoga philosophy is the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, which is a compilation of 196 sutras (aphorisms) on the theory and practice of yoga. The Yoga Sutras provide a framework for integrating the physical, mental, and spiritual aspects of life.

Eight Limbs of Yoga

The Yoga Sutras outline an eightfold path, known as Ashtanga Yoga, which serves as a guide to living a meaningful and purposeful life. The eight limbs are:

1. Yama: Ethical standards and sense of integrity, focusing on behavior and how we conduct ourselves in life.
2. Niyama: Self-discipline and spiritual observances.
3. Asana: Postures practiced in yoga.
4. Pranayama: Breath control.
5. Pratyahara: Withdrawal of the senses.
6. Dharana: Concentration.
7. Dhyana: Meditation or contemplation.
8. Samadhi: State of ecstasy or union with the divine.

Types of Yoga

There are several types of yoga, each with its own unique focus and practices. Some of the most well-known types include:

• Hatha Yoga: Focuses on physical postures and is the most widely practiced form of yoga in the West.
• Raja Yoga: Known as the "royal path," it emphasizes meditation and the control of the mind.
• Karma Yoga: The path of selfless service and action.
• Bhakti Yoga: The path of devotion and love for the divine.
• Jnana Yoga: The path of wisdom and knowledge.

Benefits of Yoga

Yoga is known for its numerous health benefits, which include:

• Improved flexibility and strength.
• Enhanced mental clarity and focus.
• Stress reduction and relaxation.
• Better posture and alignment.
• Increased energy and vitality.

Modern Yoga

In the modern era, yoga has become a popular form of exercise and relaxation, often practiced in yoga studios, gyms, and community centers. Modern yoga often emphasizes physical fitness, stress relief, and overall well-being.

See Also

• Meditation
• Ayurveda
• Mindfulness
• Spirituality

Yoga (philosophy) gallery

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  Bronze figure of Kashmiri in Meditation by Malvina Hoffman

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  Lotus position

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  3 Pramana Epistemology Samkhya Yoga Hindu schools