Hemolytic uremic syndrome

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Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome

Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a complex condition characterized by the triad of hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute kidney injury. Pronounced as hee-muh-LIT-ik yoo-REE-mik sin-drohm.

Etymology

The term "hemolytic" is derived from the Greek words "haima" meaning "blood" and "lysis" meaning "loosening or dissolving". "Uremic" comes from the Greek word "ourein" meaning "to urinate" and the suffix "-ikos" meaning "pertaining to". "Syndrome" is from the Greek word "syndromē" meaning "concurrence of symptoms, concourse of people".

Signs and Symptoms

Hemolytic uremic syndrome typically begins with gastroenteritis and nonbloody diarrhea. This can progress to bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain, and vomiting. The hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia then result in fatigue, pallor, and petechiae. Acute kidney injury may lead to decreased urine output, fluid overload, and electrolyte imbalances.

Causes

The most common cause of HUS is infection with Escherichia coli O157:H7, a strain of E. coli that produces Shiga toxin. Other causes include other types of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and certain medications, such as quinine, cyclosporine, and tacrolimus.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of HUS is based on clinical findings and laboratory tests. Laboratory tests typically show hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and evidence of acute kidney injury. A stool culture may be performed to identify Shiga toxin-producing E. coli.

Treatment

Treatment of HUS is primarily supportive, including hydration, electrolyte management, and possibly dialysis. In severe cases, plasma exchange or plasma infusion may be used. Antibiotics are not typically used, as they may increase the risk of HUS.

Prognosis

The prognosis of HUS varies. With appropriate treatment, most people recover, but some may have long-term kidney damage or other complications.

See Also

External links

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