Amorphous calcium phosphate

Amorphous Calcium Phosphate

Amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) is a non-crystalline form of calcium phosphate, which is a precursor to the crystalline forms of calcium phosphate found in biological systems. ACP is of significant interest in the fields of dentistry, orthopedics, and biomaterials due to its high solubility and bioactivity, which make it useful in various medical and dental applications.

Structure and Properties

ACP is characterized by its lack of a long-range ordered structure, distinguishing it from crystalline forms such as hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate. The chemical formula of ACP is generally represented as Caₓ(PO₄)ᵧ·nH₂O, where x and y can vary, reflecting its variable composition. ACP is typically formed when calcium and phosphate ions precipitate rapidly from a solution, preventing the formation of a crystalline lattice.

The amorphous nature of ACP results in a high surface area and a high solubility, which are advantageous for its role as a precursor in the formation of more stable, crystalline calcium phosphate phases. This property is particularly useful in biological systems where rapid mineralization is required.

Biological Significance

In biological systems, ACP serves as a transient phase in the formation of bone and teeth. It is believed to play a crucial role in the initial stages of mineralization, where it acts as a reservoir of calcium and phosphate ions that can be converted into more stable crystalline forms. This conversion is essential for the development of hard tissues such as enamel, dentin, and bone.

Applications

ACP is widely used in dentistry for its remineralization properties. It is incorporated into dental products such as toothpaste and mouth rinses to help repair early carious lesions by supplying calcium and phosphate ions to the tooth surface, promoting the formation of hydroxyapatite.

In orthopedics, ACP is used in bone graft materials and coatings for implants due to its osteoconductive properties. It can enhance bone regeneration and integration with the host tissue.

Synthesis

ACP can be synthesized through various methods, including precipitation from aqueous solutions containing calcium and phosphate ions. The conditions of synthesis, such as pH, temperature, and concentration, can influence the properties of the resulting ACP.

Stability

ACP is metastable and can transform into more stable crystalline phases over time. This transformation can be influenced by factors such as pH, temperature, and the presence of other ions or molecules. Understanding the stability and transformation of ACP is important for its application in medical and dental fields.

Also see

• Hydroxyapatite
• Tricalcium phosphate
• Biomaterials
• Mineralization
• Bone graft

H3PO4 [HPO4]2− [H2PO4]−

He

Li3PO4

Be

BPO4 +BO3

C

(NH4)3PO4 (NH4)2HPO4 NH4H2PO4 -N

O

+F

Ne

Na3PO4 Na2HPO4 NaH2PO4

Mg3(PO4)2

AlPO4

Si

P

+SO4 -S

Cl

Ar

K3PO4 K2HPO4 KH2PO4

Ca3(PO4)2

ScPO4

Ti

VPO4

CrPO4

Mn3(PO4)2 MnPO4

Fe3(PO4)2 FePO4

Co3(PO4)2

Ni3(PO4)2

Cu3(PO4)2

Zn3(PO4)2

GaPO4

Ge

As

-Se

Br

Kr

Rb3PO4

Sr3(PO4)2

YPO4

Zr3(PO4)4

Nb

Mo

Tc

Ru

Rh

Pd

Ag3PO4

Cd3(PO4)2

InPO4

Sn

SbPO4 -SbO4

Te

I

Xe

Cs3PO4

Ba3(PO4)2

*

LuPO4

Hf

Ta

W

Re

Os

Ir

Pt

AuPO4

Hg

Tl3PO4

Pb3(PO4)2

BiPO4

Po

At

Rn

Fr

Ra

**

Lr

Rf

Db

Sg

Bh

Hs

Mt

Ds

Rg

Cn

Nh

Fl

Mc

Lv

Ts

Og

*

LaPO4

CePO4

PrPO4

NdPO4

PmPO4

SmPO4

EuPO4

GdPO4

TbPO4

DyPO4

HoPO4

ErPO4

TmPO4

YbPO4

**

AcPO4

Th3(PO4)4

Pa

U(PO4)2

Np

PuPO4

AmPO4

CmPO4

Bk

Cf

Es

Fm

Md

No