Hijra (South Asia)

Hijra and companions in Eastern Bengal

Separate tiolets for three genders

Hijra Protest Islamabad

Kuvagam hijras

Kuvagam Kuttantavar

Hijra (South Asia)

The Hijra community in South Asia is a term used to describe transgender individuals, intersex people, and eunuchs who are part of a traditional social organization in countries like India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nepal. Hijras have a recorded history in the region that dates back thousands of years, and they have been mentioned in ancient texts like the Kama Sutra and various Hindu myths. Despite their historical presence, Hijras often face social stigma, discrimination, and exclusion from mainstream society.

History and Culture

The history of Hijras in South Asia is rich and complex. They have been revered in some periods and contexts, serving as royal courtesans or guards, and participating in religious ceremonies. Hijras worship the Hindu goddess Bahuchara Mata, who is often depicted as a transgender figure. They also celebrate the Hindu festival of Koovagam, which is a significant event in the Hijra calendar.

Hijras traditionally live in communal households, led by a guru who provides guidance and support to her chelas (disciples). This familial structure is crucial for the survival and well-being of many Hijras, especially those who have been ostracized by their birth families.

Legal and Social Status

The legal and social status of Hijras has varied significantly over time. During the British colonial period, laws were introduced that criminalized their communities and practices. In recent years, there has been some progress in recognizing the rights of Hijras. For example, in 2014, the Supreme Court of India recognized Hijras as a "third gender," affirming their rights to self-identify as neither male nor female. Similar legal recognitions have occurred in Pakistan and Bangladesh, where Hijras have been granted the right to vote and other legal protections.

Despite these advancements, Hijras continue to face discrimination and violence. They often struggle to find employment, access healthcare, and secure housing. Many are forced into begging or sex work to survive.

Activism and Representation

There has been a growing movement for Hijra rights and representation in South Asia. Activists are working to combat discrimination, improve access to healthcare and education, and secure legal rights for Hijras. The visibility of Hijras in media and politics has also been increasing. Notable figures such as Laxmi Narayan Tripathi, a prominent Hijra activist in India, have brought attention to the issues facing the community.

Conclusion

The Hijra community in South Asia embodies a complex interplay of gender, culture, and social marginalization. While there have been significant strides towards recognition and rights, Hijras continue to navigate a challenging landscape of discrimination and exclusion. Understanding and supporting the rights of Hijras is crucial in the broader fight for gender equality and human rights in the region.

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