Immunological synapse

The immunological synapse is a specialized junction between a T cell and an antigen-presenting cell (APC) that facilitates communication and signaling during the immune response. This complex structure is crucial for the activation of T cells and the subsequent immune response.

Structure

The immunological synapse is characterized by a highly organized arrangement of molecules at the interface between the T cell and the APC. This arrangement includes a central supramolecular activation cluster (cSMAC) and a peripheral supramolecular activation cluster (pSMAC).

Central Supramolecular Activation Cluster (cSMAC)

The cSMAC is the central region of the immunological synapse where T cell receptors (TCRs) and peptide-MHC complexes are concentrated. This area is critical for the initiation of T cell signaling.

Peripheral Supramolecular Activation Cluster (pSMAC)

Surrounding the cSMAC is the pSMAC, which contains adhesion molecules such as LFA-1 and ICAM-1. These molecules help stabilize the synapse and maintain the contact between the T cell and the APC.

Function

The primary function of the immunological synapse is to facilitate effective communication between T cells and APCs. This communication is essential for T cell activation, which involves:

• Recognition of antigens presented by the APC.
• Signal transduction leading to T cell activation.
• Cytokine secretion and proliferation of T cells.

Dynamics

The formation and maintenance of the immunological synapse are dynamic processes. The synapse undergoes continuous remodeling, which is necessary for sustained signaling and effective immune responses.

File:Coactosin-Like-1-Antagonizes-Cofilin-to-Promote-Lamellipodial-Protrusion-at-the-Immune-Synapse-pone.0085090.s003.ogv

Role in Disease

Dysfunction of the immunological synapse can lead to various immune-related diseases. For example, improper synapse formation can result in inadequate T cell activation, contributing to autoimmune diseases or immunodeficiency.

Research and Applications

Understanding the immunological synapse has significant implications for immunotherapy and the development of vaccines. By targeting specific components of the synapse, researchers aim to enhance immune responses against cancer and infectious diseases.

Related Pages

• T cell receptor
• Antigen-presenting cell
• Major histocompatibility complex
• Cytokine