Nephrotoxin
Nephrotoxin (pronunciation: /ˈnɛfrəˌtɑksɪn/) is a term used in the field of medicine and toxicology to describe any toxins that are harmful or destructive to the kidneys. The term is derived from the Greek words "nephros" meaning kidney and "toxikon" meaning poison.
Definition
A nephrotoxin is a toxin that specifically damages the kidneys. These toxins can be produced by certain types of bacteria, or they can be man-made substances such as certain drugs or chemicals. Nephrotoxins can cause a variety of kidney problems, including acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease.
Types of Nephrotoxins
There are several types of nephrotoxins, including:
- Endotoxins: These are toxins that are released when bacteria die and their cell walls disintegrate.
- Exotoxins: These are toxins that are released by living bacteria.
- Drugs: Certain drugs, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), some antibiotics, and certain chemotherapy drugs, can be nephrotoxic.
- Heavy metals: Certain heavy metals, such as lead and mercury, can be nephrotoxic.
Effects of Nephrotoxins
The effects of nephrotoxins can range from mild kidney damage to severe kidney failure. Symptoms of nephrotoxicity can include decreased urine output, fluid retention, and electrolyte imbalances. In severe cases, dialysis may be required.
Prevention and Treatment
Prevention of nephrotoxicity involves avoiding exposure to known nephrotoxins whenever possible. Treatment typically involves discontinuing exposure to the nephrotoxin and providing supportive care, such as hydration and electrolyte balance. In severe cases, dialysis may be necessary.
See Also
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