Primitive reflexes

Primitive reflexes are reflexes originating from the central nervous system that are exhibited by normal infants and not neurologically intact adults, in response to particular stimuli. These reflexes are suppressed by the development of the frontal lobes as a child transitions normally into child development. These primitive reflexes are also called infantile, infant or newborn reflexes.

Overview

Primitive reflexes are primarily observed in newborns and infants, but may persist in some individuals into adulthood. They are automatic reactions that are essential for survival in the early stages of life. These reflexes are typically replaced by more sophisticated and voluntary motor functionality during the first year of life.

Types of Primitive Reflexes

There are several types of primitive reflexes, including:

• Moro reflex: This reflex is often called the startle reflex. When a baby is startled by a loud sound or movement, the baby will react by throwing back his or her head, extending out the arms and legs, crying, then pulling the arms and legs back in.

• Rooting reflex: This reflex begins when the corner of the baby's mouth is stroked or touched. The baby will turn his or her head and open his or her mouth to follow and root in the direction of the stroking. This helps the baby find the breast or bottle to begin feeding.

• Sucking reflex: Rooting helps the baby become ready to suck. When the roof of the baby's mouth is touched, the baby will begin to suck.

• Palmar grasp reflex: When an object is placed in the infant's hand and strokes their palm, the fingers will close and they will grasp it with a palmar grasp.

• Plantar reflex: When the area beneath the toes is touched, the infant will attempt to flex their toes.

Clinical Significance

The presence of primitive reflexes in an adult or an older child can be a sign of central nervous system or developmental disorders. If these reflexes continue to persist, or if they are absent, or if they are asymmetrical, it could indicate a problem with the nervous system or brain.

See Also

• Neonatal reflexes
• Child development
• Neurology

References

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