Upper limb
Upper Limb[edit]
The upper limb of the human body, also known as the upper extremity, is a complex structure that includes the shoulder, arm, forearm, and hand. It is primarily responsible for a wide range of movements and functions, including manipulation, sensation, and interaction with the environment.
Anatomy[edit]
The upper limb is composed of several key anatomical regions:
Pectoral Girdle[edit]
The pectoral girdle connects the upper limb to the trunk and consists of the clavicle and scapula. These bones provide attachment points for muscles and support the arm.
Bones[edit]
The bones of the upper limb include the humerus in the arm, the radius and ulna in the forearm, and the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges in the hand.
Joints[edit]
The major joints of the upper limb include the shoulder joint, elbow joint, wrist joint, and the joints of the hand. These joints allow for a wide range of motion and dexterity.
Muscles[edit]
The muscles of the upper limb are responsible for movement and stability. They include the muscles of the shoulder, arm, forearm, and hand.
Arm Muscles[edit]
The arm contains major muscles such as the biceps brachii, triceps brachii, and brachialis. These muscles are involved in flexion and extension of the elbow.
Nerves[edit]
The brachial plexus is a network of nerves that innervates the upper limb. It provides motor and sensory innervation to the muscles and skin.
Blood Supply[edit]
The blood supply to the upper limb is primarily provided by the subclavian artery, which continues as the axillary artery and then the brachial artery. These arteries branch into smaller vessels that supply the forearm and hand.
Function[edit]
The upper limb is essential for a variety of functions, including:
- Manipulation: The hand and fingers are capable of precise movements, allowing for tasks such as writing, typing, and grasping objects.
- Sensation: The skin of the upper limb contains sensory receptors that provide information about touch, temperature, and pain.
- Movement: The upper limb can perform a wide range of movements, including flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation.
Clinical Significance[edit]
Injuries and conditions affecting the upper limb can significantly impact daily activities. Common issues include fractures, dislocations, tendonitis, and nerve compression syndromes such as carpal tunnel syndrome.
