Vertebral compression fracture

Editor-In-Chief: Prab R Tumpati, MD
Obesity, Sleep & Internal medicine
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Vertebral compression fracture
Synonyms	N/A
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Back pain, height loss, kyphosis
Complications	Chronic pain, spinal deformity
Onset	Sudden or gradual
Duration	Varies
Types	N/A
Causes	Osteoporosis, trauma, cancer
Risks	Age, osteoporosis, corticosteroid use
Diagnosis	X-ray, MRI, CT scan
Differential diagnosis	Muscle strain, herniated disc, spinal tumor
Prevention	N/A
Treatment	Pain management, physical therapy, vertebroplasty, kyphoplasty
Medication	Analgesics, bisphosphonates
Prognosis	Varies; depends on cause and treatment
Frequency	Common in older adults
Deaths	N/A

A type of fracture affecting the vertebrae of the spine

X-ray showing a T12 vertebral compression fracture

Intravertebral vacuum cleft sign in a compression fracture

A vertebral compression fracture (VCF) is a type of fracture that occurs in the vertebrae of the spine. These fractures are most commonly caused by osteoporosis, a condition that weakens bones, making them more susceptible to fractures. Other causes include trauma and metastatic cancer.

Signs and symptoms

Patients with vertebral compression fractures often experience sudden onset of back pain. The pain is typically localized to the area of the fracture and may be exacerbated by movement. In some cases, the fracture may lead to a loss of height and a stooped posture, known as kyphosis.

Causes

The primary cause of vertebral compression fractures is osteoporosis, which leads to decreased bone density and increased fragility. Other causes include trauma from falls or accidents, and pathological fractures due to metastatic cancer, where cancer cells spread to the bone and weaken it.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of a vertebral compression fracture is typically made through a combination of patient history, physical examination, and imaging studies. X-rays are commonly used to identify fractures, while MRI or CT scans may be employed to assess the extent of the fracture and any associated soft tissue damage.

Treatment

Treatment for vertebral compression fractures depends on the severity of the fracture and the underlying cause. Conservative treatment options include pain management with medications, physical therapy, and bracing to support the spine. In cases where conservative treatment is insufficient, surgical options such as vertebroplasty or kyphoplasty may be considered to stabilize the fracture and relieve pain.

Prognosis

The prognosis for individuals with vertebral compression fractures varies depending on the cause and severity of the fracture. Many patients experience significant pain relief with appropriate treatment, although some may continue to have chronic pain or disability. Preventive measures, such as treating osteoporosis and avoiding falls, are important to reduce the risk of future fractures.

Prevention

Preventive strategies for vertebral compression fractures focus on maintaining bone health and preventing falls. This includes adequate intake of calcium and vitamin D, regular weight-bearing exercise, and medications to treat osteoporosis. Fall prevention strategies, such as home safety modifications and balance training, are also important.

See also

• Osteoporosis
• Kyphosis
• Vertebroplasty
• Kyphoplasty