Bradycardia

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Bradycardia
Sinus bradycardia as seen on ECG
Synonyms Bradyarrhythmia, bradycardiac rhythm
Pronounce N/A
Specialty N/A
Symptoms Dizziness, fatigue, shortness of breath, chest pain, syncope
Complications Heart failure, cardiac arrest
Onset Can occur at any age
Duration Varies
Types N/A
Causes Heart block, sick sinus syndrome, hypothyroidism, electrolyte imbalance, medications
Risks Age, heart disease, high blood pressure, smoking, alcohol use disorder
Diagnosis Electrocardiogram (ECG), Holter monitor, event monitor
Differential diagnosis Tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia
Prevention N/A
Treatment Pacemaker, medication adjustment, lifestyle changes
Medication Atropine, isoproterenol
Prognosis N/A
Frequency Common, especially in older adults
Deaths Can be life-threatening if untreated


Bradycardia is a medical term used to describe a slower than normal heart rate. In adults, a resting heart rate of fewer than 60 beats per minute often qualifies as bradycardia. This condition can be a symptom of underlying health issues, or a side effect of certain medications, but it is also commonly observed in trained athletes with efficient cardiovascular systems.

Lead II rhythm generated sinus bradycardia

Definition and Classification

Bradycardia is typically defined as a resting heart rate under 60 beats per minute (bpm) in adults.[1] It's important to note that a slow heart rate is not inherently problematic and does not always indicate a medical condition. For example, well-conditioned athletes often exhibit bradycardia, as physical training makes the heart more efficient.

Causes

Bradycardia can result from a variety of causes, including:

  • Heart Disease: Conditions that damage the heart‚Äôs electrical system can slow the heart rate.
  • Hypothyroidism: An underactive thyroid can cause a slow heart rate.
  • Electrolyte Imbalance: Imbalances in electrolyte levels, particularly potassium and calcium, can affect the heart's electrical signaling.
  • Medications: Certain drugs, such as beta-blockers and some heart medications, can cause bradycardia.[2]
12 lead sinus bradycardia

Symptoms and Complications

While bradycardia itself often doesn't cause symptoms, if the heart isn't pumping enough oxygen-rich blood to the body, symptoms may occur. These can include fatigue, weakness, dizziness, shortness of breath, or fainting. In severe cases, it can lead to cardiac arrest.[3]

Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosis of bradycardia typically involves a physical examination, patient history, and the use of an electrocardiogram (ECG) to measure the heart's electrical activity. If necessary, a Holter monitor may be used to record the heart's activity over 24 hours. Treatment of bradycardia depends on its underlying cause. If medication is the cause, adjusting or changing the medication can resolve the issue. If a physical condition is causing bradycardia, treating that condition can alleviate the bradycardia. In some cases, the installation of a pacemaker might be required to regulate the heart rate.[4]

References

  1. ↑ Bradycardia - Symptoms and causes(link). {{{website}}}. 2021. Accessed 2023-05-18.
  2. ↑ Bradycardia - Symptoms and causes(link). {{{website}}}. 2021. Accessed 2023-05-18.
  3. ↑ Bradycardia - Slow Heart Rate(link). {{{website}}}. 2021. Accessed 2023-05-18.
  4. ↑ Bradycardia - Diagnosis and treatment(link). {{{website}}}. 2021. Accessed 2023-05-18.
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